B4

Question 1

what are the benefits of transpiration?

Answer 1

there is constant water to help keep plant cool, for photosynthesis.
water creates turgor pressure which helps support the plant and stops it wilting
minerals needed by plant can be brought in form the soil along with water

Question 2

what four things affect transpiration rates?

Answer 2

light intensity
temperature
air movements
air humidity

Question 3

what needs to be done to increase transpiration?

Answer 3

increase in light intensity, temp and air movements

decrease in humidity

Question 4

how does light affect transpiration

Answer 4

brights means more as during the dark stomata close. photosynthesis cant happen in the dark so they close. when stomata are closed water canot escape

Question 5

how does temp affect transpiration?

Answer 5

when warm particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata

Question 6

ho does air movement affect transpiration?

Answer 6

air movements helps it become faster as if there isnt any then the water just surrounds the leafs and wont move away. high concentration inside and outside so no movement. wind helps move water vapor to allow transpiration

Question 7

how does air humidity affect transpiration?

Answer 7

if the air is humid there is lots of water already in it so there is no difference between leaf and air. diffusion happens fastest when there is a big differnece i concentration

Question 8

how have plants adapted to not lose water?

Answer 8

waxy cuticle covering upper epidermis to make it waterproof
stomata on underside to slow diffusion in the cold and dark
bigger and larger the number of stomate means more water is lost. plants in hot climates have few small ones on the underside of leaf.

Question 9

what caused stomata to close and open?

Answer 9

guard cells have a special kidney shape that opens and closes he stomata as the guard cells go turgid or flaccid.

Question 10

what do stomata do?

Answer 10

allow gasses in and out for photosynthesis

Question 11

when are stomata usualy open and closed?

Answer 11

open during day as they are sensitive to light. closed at night when its dark

Question 12

what are the three minerals needed for plant growth?

Answer 12

nitrates, phosphates, potassium

Question 13

what are nitrates needed for in plants?

Answer 13

for making amino acids and proteins, for cell growth.

Question 14

if a pant does not have enough nitrates what happens

Answer 14

growth will be poor and will have yellow older leaves

Question 15

what are phosphates needed for?

Answer 15

respirations and growth. dna and cell membrane productions

Question 16

if a plant doesn’t have enough phosphates what happens?

Answer 16

poor root growth and discolored leaves

Question 17

what is potassium needed for ?

Answer 17

to help enzymes needed for photosynthesis and respirations.

Question 18

if a plant doesnt have enough potassium what happens?

Answer 18

poor flower and fruit growth. discolored leaves too

Question 19

why is magnesium used and why in small amounts?

Answer 19

for making chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis. without it leaves turn yellow

Question 20

how are minerals taken in?

Answer 20

by the roots using active transport

Question 21

why doesnt diffusion of minerals work in roots?

Answer 21

because there is a small concentration of minerals in the soul and its higher in the roots hairs so it wont go in.

Question 22

what is active transport?

Answer 22

uses energy from respiration to help pull minerals into the roots against the concentration gradient

Question 23

what causes decay?

Answer 23

microorganisms like soil bacteria nd fungi known as decomposers

Question 24

what does the rate of decay depend on

Answer 24

temperatures (needs to be warm)
water amount (needs to be moist for fast decay)
oxygen amount (decay is faster when there is more oxygen available)

Question 25

what are the optimum conditions for decay?

Answer 25

warm, moist, plenty of oxygen. | this causes microorganisms to reproduce nd grow more quickly and can then decay other living things better.

Question 26

what is a detritivore?

Answer 26

feed on dead and decaying matter. they break it up into smaller bits, this produces a bigger surface area for smaller decomposers to decay it

Question 27

what is a saprophyte?

Answer 27

they also feed on decaying matter but they do so with extracellular digestion/ they feed by secreting digestive enzymes onto the material outside their cells. the enzyme breaks down the material in to smaller bits which can then be absorbed by the saprophytes. usually fungi

Question 28

what are the methods of food preservation?

Answer 28

``` canning cooling freezing drying adding slat or sugar adding vinegar ```

Question 29

how do these methods of food preservation work?

Answer 29

``` keeps decomposers out, slows down their reproduction rate, stops them reproducing at low temps, takes away water which they need to decompose, damage the cells, kill them with acid ```

Question 30

what is intensive farming?

Answer 30

trying to produce as much food as possible form your land,animals or plants

Question 31

what are the most popular methods of intensive farming?

Answer 31

reducing energy lost at each stage in a food chain to make it more efficient

Question 32

how is intensive farming, reducing of energy lost achieved?

Answer 32

herbicides kill weeds. this allows more energy form sum to fall on crops not weeds pesticides kill animals that eat crops. no energy is transfered to to other food chains battery farming animals. kept close together to stop wasted energy as they move

Question 33

what does intensive farming allow us to do?

Answer 33

produce lots of food form less land witch means a hugh variety of top quality food all year round at cheap prices

Question 34

what is it called when plants are gown without soil?

Answer 34

hydroponics, its another form of intensive farming where the plants are grown nutrient solutions instead of soil.

Question 35

what are the advantages of hydroponics?

Answer 35

mineral levels can be controlled more accurately. disease can also be controlled

Question 36

what are the disadvantages of hydroponics?

Answer 36

lots of fertilizers are used. there is also no soil to anchor the roots and support the plants

Question 37

what are the environmental issues with hydroponics?

Answer 37

removal of hedges to make fields destroys habitats and leads to soil erosion careless use of fertilizers can lead to eutrophication farming of animals intensively is harmful and cruel (battery chickens)

Question 38

wht is the issue with pesticides?

Answer 38

they can also kill animals that are not pests which can lead to shortage of food for animal higher up food chain

Question 39

what is the problem of pesticides being passed up food chains?

Answer 39

they can stick in ecosystems and be passed along chains. it accumulates along the chain and gets more toxic towards the top where levels are highest

Question 40

what was the case of DDT and otters?

Answer 40

a pesticide called DDT was used and it accumulated along food chains and the otter ended up getting toxic levels of it and almost wiping them out

Question 41

what is biological control?

Answer 41

using living things instead of chemicals to control a pest.

Question 42

examples of biological control?

Answer 42

aphids eat roses and vegetables. pest. ladybirds are predators of aphids so they can keep numbers down

Question 43

what are the advantages of biological control

Answer 43

no chemicals means less pollution and disruption of food chains. less risk to people e eating foods you dont have to keep repeating treatments like chemicals

Question 44

what are he disadvantages of biological control?

Answer 44

a predator introduced might be useless and not eat pest predator could eat useful species predators species might increase and get out of control predator might not stay in area where its needed

Question 45

what are orgainc fertilisers?

Answer 45

animal manure/compost | recycles nutrients left in plant and animal waste. it is not as good as fertilizers but its bette for environment

Question 46

what is crop rotation?

Answer 46

growing a cycle of different crops on a field each ear. it stops pests and diseases of one crops building up and stops nutrients running out. most crop rotations include nitrogen fixing bacteria crops such as legumes that put nitrates back into the soil

Question 47

how is varying seed planting times used in faring?

Answer 47

it avoids major pests for that crop and eliminates the use of pesticides

Question 48

what methods are used in organic farming/?

Answer 48

``` organic fertilizers crop rotation weeding varying seed planing times biological control ```

Question 49

orgainicwhat are the advantages of organic farming?

Answer 49

``` fewer chemicals. less rick of toxic chemicals in food better for the environment. less river pollution. it doesn't disrupt food chains ethical to animals ```

Question 50

what are the disadvantages of organic farming?

Answer 50

takes more space than intensive labour intensive, more jobs, more expensive cant grow as much food