B4+ Organisation

Question 1

What is the circulatory system made of?

Answer 1

The heart, blood vessels, and blood. It transports substances around the body.

Question 2

What is plasma?

Answer 2

The yellow liquid part of blood. It makes up 55% of blood.

Question 3

What are the 4 main components of blood?

Answer 3

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Question 4

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 4

They transport oxygen around the body.

Question 5

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 5

They protect the body from infection as part of the immune system.

Question 6

What is the role of platelets?

Answer 6

They are cell fragments that help blood to clot at wounds.

Question 7

What do arteries do?

Answer 7

They carry blood away from the heart.

Question 8

What do veins do?

Answer 8

They carry blood towards the heart.

Question 9

What do veins contain to stop blood flowing backwards?

Answer 9

Valves.

Question 10

What do capillaries do?

Answer 10

They supply every cell in the body and allow substances to diffuse in and out of the blood.

Question 11

What is a double circulatory system?

Answer 11

One system takes blood to and from the lungs. Another takes blood to and from the rest of the body.

Question 12

What is the structure of arteries?

Answer 12

Thick, elastic walls with a small lumen.

Question 13

What is the structure of veins?

Answer 13

Thin walls, large lumen, and valves.

Question 14

What is the structure of capillaries?

Answer 14

One-cell thick walls for fast diffusion.

Question 15

How does blood pressure compare in arteries, veins and capillaries?

Answer 15

Arteries have high pressure, capillaries have lower pressure, and veins have low pressure.

Question 16

What is the heart?

Answer 16

An organ made of four chambers that pumps blood around the body.

Question 17

Name the four chambers of the heart.

Answer 17

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Question 18

What is the job of heart valves?

Answer 18

They prevent blood flowing in the wrong direction.

Question 19

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 19

When arteries that supply the heart get blocked and can’t give oxygen to the heart muscle.

Question 20

How can coronary heart disease be treated?

Answer 20

Using stents or statins.

Question 21

What is a stent?

Answer 21

A small tube that keeps arteries open.

Question 22

What do statins do?

Answer 22

They reduce cholesterol and prevent artery blockages.

Question 23

What is a pacemaker in the body?

Answer 23

A group of cells in the right atrium that control the heart’s rhythm.

Question 24

What is an artificial pacemaker?

Answer 24

A device used if the natural pacemaker doesn’t work properly.

Question 25

What happens if heart valves stop working?

Answer 25

They can be replaced with mechanical or biological valves.

Question 26

What happens if the whole heart fails?

Answer 26

A person may need a heart transplant or an artificial heart.

Question 27

What is an artificial heart?

Answer 27

A manufactured heart that keeps a person alive while they wait for a real transplant or allows their heart to rest.

Question 28

What is gaseous exchange?

Answer 28

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.

Question 29

What is ventilation?

Answer 29

The movement of air in and out of the lungs.

Question 30

What are intercostal muscles?

Answer 30

Muscles between the ribs that help move the ribcage during breathing.

Question 31

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 31

A dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that helps with breathing.

Question 32

What happens during inhalation?

Answer 32

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, chest volume increases, pressure decreases, and air goes into lungs.

Question 33

What happens during exhalation?

Answer 33

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, chest volume decreases, pressure increases, and air is pushed out.

Question 34

Where does gas exchange happen in the lungs?

Answer 34

In the alveoli.

Question 35

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

Answer 35

They have thin walls, large surface area, and a good blood supply.

Question 36

What do xylem vessels transport?

Answer 36

Water and mineral ions from roots to leaves.

Question 37

What do phloem vessels transport?

Answer 37

Sugars to all parts of the plant.

Question 38

What is transpiration?

Answer 38

Loss of water vapour from leaves through stomata.

Question 39

What is translocation?

Answer 39

Movement of sugars through phloem tissue.

Question 40

What are plant organs?

Answer 40

Leaves, stem, and roots.

Question 41

What is the function of epidermal tissue in plants?

Answer 41

Acts as a barrier and outer layer.

Question 42

What is palisade mesophyll?

Answer 42

Leaf tissue with many chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Question 43

What is spongy mesophyll?

Answer 43

Leaf tissue with air spaces for gas exchange.

Question 44

What is meristem tissue?

Answer 44

Tissue at the tips of roots and shoots where growth happens.

Question 45

How are root hair cells adapted?

Answer 45

Large surface area for absorbing water and minerals.

Question 46

What is lignin?

Answer 46

A strong substance that supports the xylem walls.

Question 47

What are perforations in phloem?

Answer 47

Small holes in the walls between cells that let sap pass through.

Question 48

What do stomata do?

Answer 48

Let carbon dioxide in and water out.

Question 49

What controls stomata opening and closing?

Answer 49

Guard cells.

Question 50

What conditions increase transpiration rate?

Answer 50

Hot, windy, dry, and bright conditions.

Question 51

What tool measures water uptake in plants?

Answer 51

A potometer.

Question 52

What does a potometer measure?

Answer 52

The amount of water a plant takes up.

Question 53

What are the parts labelled in the respiratory system diagram?

Answer 53

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, diaphragm.

Question 54

What are the sinuses (like sphenoidal sinus)?

Answer 54

Air-filled spaces in the skull that warm and moisten air we breathe.

Question 55

What does the trachea do?

Answer 55

Carries air from mouth to lungs.

Question 56

What are bronchi and bronchioles?

Answer 56

Bronchi split from trachea into each lung. Bronchioles are smaller branches inside lungs.

Question 57

What is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 57

Helps push and pull air in and out of the lungs.

Question 58

In the labelled heart diagram, what side is blue and why?

Answer 58

The right side is blue because it carries deoxygenated blood.

Question 59

In the labelled heart diagram, what side is red and why?

Answer 59

The left side is red because it carries oxygenated blood.

Question 60

What is the pulmonary artery?

Answer 60

Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.

Question 61

What is the pulmonary vein?

Answer 61

Brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

Question 62

What is the aorta?

Answer 62

Main artery that carries oxygenated blood from heart to body.

Question 63

What is the vena cava?

Answer 63

Large vein that brings deoxygenated blood into the heart.

Question 64

What is the transpiration stream?

Answer 64

Water moves from roots to leaves and evaporates from stomata.

Question 65

Where are stomata found?

Answer 65

Underside of leaves.

Question 66

What happens at the alveoli-capillary junction in gas exchange diagram?

Answer 66

Oxygen moves into blood, carbon dioxide moves into alveoli to be exhaled.