B5.1 - Inheritance

Question 1

What is phenotype

Answer 1

Appearance of an organism

Question 2

Genotype

Answer 2

Genetic material of an organism

Question 3

Types of variation

Answer 3

Genetic - from parents
Environmental - due to surroundings and environment

Question 4

Discontinuous data

Answer 4

One that falls into specific groups/ bands
E.g. blood group or eye colour
Due to genetic variation
Shown on a bar graph

Question 5

Continuous data

Answer 5

One that can be shown on a range of results
E.g. height or weight
Factored by genetic and environmental variation
Shown using a line/histogram

Question 6

Asexual reproduction

Answer 6

Through mitosis when they replicate their genes and form clones
genetically identical to parents
Only one parent needed - so much faster
E.g. plants

Question 7

Sexual reproduction

Answer 7

When information taken from both parents and produced non-identical
Gametes (ova and sperm cells) fuse together during fertilisation
Through meiosis
E.g. animals

Question 8

Ad and dis of ASEXUAL

Answer 8

Will have identical set of characteristic
Reproduction is faster as only one parent needed
Changes in environment will affect all organisms

Question 9

Ad and dis of SEXUAL

Answer 9

Variation gives adaptations to environment
Requires two parents - reproduction is slower rate

Question 10

Diploid cells

Answer 10

Normal body cells with 46 chromosomes

Question 11

Haploid cells

Answer 11

Usually sex cells with 23 chromosomes
AKA gametes

Question 12

Fertilisation

Answer 12

Two haploid/gametes (with 23) fuse together during fertilisation to make zygote of one diploid cell

Question 13

Genome

Answer 13

Entire genetic material of organism - such as DNA

Question 14

Process of meiosis

Answer 14

normal IPMAT
The chromosomes line up in new cells
This time each chromosome is pulled in half
Single copy of each chromosome goes to opposite sides
Each cell divides in two
Results in four haploid

Question 15

Alleles

Answer 15

Different forms of a gene

Question 16

Dominant allele

Answer 16

Most common as it is always expressed even if other allele is present
Allele - different versions of a gene

Question 17

Recessive alleles

Answer 17

Least common

Question 18

BB

Answer 18

homozygous dominant

Question 19

bb

Answer 19

Homozygous recessive

Question 20

Bb

Answer 20

Heterozygous (dom)

Question 21

Female and male chromosomes

Answer 21

XY - male
XX - female

Question 22

Genetic variation

Answer 22

Different version of the allele occurring from altered DNA base sequencing

Question 23

Are mutations harmful

Answer 23

Can cause cancer - grow and divide uncontrollably
Cause production of abnormal protein channels - don’t function properly
Change shape of protein molecules (sickle cell anaemia)

Question 24

Are all mutations dangerous

Answer 24

Some do not affect positively or neg - being able to roll your tongue
Some will help - mutations in bacteria enable to be resistant to antibiotics

Question 25

How does mutations affect phenotype

Answer 25

• if bases added,deleted or changed - changes sequence of DNA. In turn, amino acids will be different and protein will be formed or shaped in different way. Active side may change and will not be able to bind to substrate and be catalyst for reaction
• if in non-coding sections, gene will not be transcribed into mRNA. protein the gene codes for will not be produced