B7 Flashcards
(30 cards)
what are risk factors you cannot change for noncommunicable diseases?
-genes
-age
what are lifestyle risk factors for noncommunicable diseases?
-smoking
-alchohol
-lack of exercise
-poor nutrition
what are environmental risk factors for noncommunicable diseases?
-exposure to carciogens
-UV
-2nd hand tobacco smoke
what is a correlation?
-when a potential rist factor is linked to a specific disease through populations sampling
what is causal mechanism?
-biological process through which of risk factor impacts a disease
or a biological link
how does a tumour grow?
-when there’s a change in the body cells so start dividing rapidly
what is a malignant tumour
-spread all around body invading Neighbour tissues or organs
-cancer
-The initial tumour can split up into bloodstream and cause secondary tumours
what is a benign tumour
-it stays in one place usually within a membrane
-do not invade any other organs
-can grow very quickly making it very dangerous
what are the causes of cancer?
-genetics
-Tar found in tobacco smoke which can cause mutations resulting in a tumour
-UV light and x-rays mutating the cell
what are the treatments of cancer?
-surgury
-radiotherapy
-chemotherapy
what is radiotherapy?
-cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation
-this stops mitosis in the cancer cells but can also damage healthy cells
what is chemotherapy?
-where chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or make them self-destruct
-this can also damage healthy cells
what is carbon monoxide?
-this is a poisonous gas found in tobacco smoke
-takes up some of the oxygen carrying capacity of your blood
-this needs to the shortage of oxygen, which is why smokers get breathless
what happens when a mum smokes when pregnant?
-not enough oxygen can get to the baby because the mother is carrying carbon monoxide in her blood
-premature births
-Low birthweight babies= more likely to have problems in the first months after birth
-stillbirths
what happens to your cillia when you smoke?
-they stopped working
-this allows pathogens and dirt down into the lungs increasing the risk of infections
-there is also a buildup of mucus causing a cough
How does tar affect smokers
-tar is a sticky black chemical in tobacco smoke turning the lungs grey
-increases obstructive pulmonary disease called bronchitis= inflammation and infection of the bronchi
-tar can breakdown the structure of aviloli reducing the surface area to volume ratio of the lungs causing severe breathlessness and eventually death
-tar is a carcinogen meaning it can cause cancer in the breathing system.
how is smoking linked to coronary heart disease?
-narrows of blood vessels in the skin
-nicotine increases the heart rate while other chemicals damage the lining of the arteries
-The mixture of chemicals also leads to increase in blood pressure affecting cardiovascular disease diseases
why is BMI unreliable?
does not take into account:
-gender
-ethnicity
-muscle weight
what is a better way to measure your BMI?
-waist to hip ratio, and neck circumference
what does exercise reduce
-obesity
-type 2 diabetes
-high blood pressure
what are some causal mechanisms that explain how exercise helps Keep people healthy
-respiration. The amount of exercise done affects the amount of respiration in the muscles and the amount of food needed.
-when people exercise their muscles get bigger. having more muscle tissue increases the metabolic rate.
-people who exercise regularly have fitter hearts and bigger lungs with better blood supply
-regular exercise reduces blood cholesterol levels. this reduces the risk of heart disease and other health problems.
-carrying less body fat reduces stress on the joints avoiding bone problems
is obese a strong factor for type two diabetes?
yes
what happens after having alcohol?
-ethanol is absorbed into the bloodstream from the gut and passes easily into the bodies tissues-including brain
-affects the nervous system making thought processes ,reflexes ,and many reactions lower than normal
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