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RDS Test 1 > B8-004 Female Endocrinology > Flashcards

B8-004 Female Endocrinology Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

GnRH stimulates the […] to release LH and FSH

A

anterior pituitary

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2
Q

stimulates growth of follicles and estrogen synthesis and secretion

A

FSH

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3
Q

stimulates follicle steroidogenesis as well as ovulation of mature follicle and formation of corpus luteum

A

LH

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4
Q

stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis and secretion by the corpus luteum

A

LH

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5
Q

protein involved in the regulation of GnRH

A

kisspeptin

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6
Q

mutation in kisspeptin can cause […] in humans and […] in mice

A

mutation in kisspeptin can cause infertility in humans and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mice

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7
Q

neurons in the […] nuclei regulate the production of kisspeptin, and therefore GnRH [2]

A

arcuate
anteroventral periventricular (pre-optic)

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8
Q

neurons in the hypothalamus release hormones into the […] that regulate anterior pituitary function

A

median eminence

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9
Q

action potentials in the Kisspeptin and GnRH neurons allow for […] in LH and FSH release

A

pulsatility

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10
Q

what types of cells does LH act on in the ovary? [3]

A

thecal cells
granulosa cells
luteal cells

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11
Q

what type of cells does FSH act on in the ovary? [1]

A

granulosa cells

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12
Q

most potent estrogen

A

estrodial

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13
Q

in women, the […] is the more significant source of androgens

A

adrenal cortex

(elevated androgens in PCOS)

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14
Q

secreted by the granulosa cells to stimulate FSHb transcription

A

activins

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15
Q

secreted by the granulosa cells to inhibit FSHb transcription

A

inhibins

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16
Q

secreted by granulosa cells of small growing follicles

used clinically as an indicator of follicle/oocyte pool

A

anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

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17
Q

what effect does estrogen have on the HPO axis?

A

both negative feedback and positive feedback

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18
Q

stimulates prolactin behavior

A

estrogen

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19
Q

what effect does progesterone have on the HPO axis?

A

negative feedback

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20
Q

causes endometrial proliferation and increases excitability of the myometrium in the uterus

A

estrogen

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21
Q

stimulates the development of glands/vasculature in the uterus and
decreases myometrial excitability

A

progesterone

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22
Q

[…] decrease FSH
[…] stimulates FSH

A

inhibins decrease FSH
activins stimulate FSH

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23
Q

effects of estrogen at the mammary gland [3]

A

duct growth
fat deposition
inhibits milk synthesis

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24
Q

effects of progesterone at the mammary gland [2]

A

growth of alveolar epithelium
inhibits milk synthesis

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25
as the follicle grows during folliculogenesis, there is increased secretion of [...] by the granulosa cells [2]
estradiol inhibin
26
aromatase is expressed in [...] cells
granulosa
27
driving steroid during follicular phase
estrogen
28
during folliculogenesis, estrogen provides negative feedback on the arcuate nucleus, suppressing the production of [...] [2]
GnRH Kisspeptin
29
gonadotropin surge occurs [...] prior to ovulation
36-48 hrs
30
in the **early** follicular phase, inhibin secretion is [...], so FSH is [...]
inhibin low FSH higher
31
in the **late** follicular phase, inhibin secretion is [...], so FSH is [...]
inhibin high FSH lower
32
in the late follicular phase, positive feedback of estradiol on AVPV neurons causes [...] GnRh secretion
increased (also increases GnRH-R)
33
[...] is the most important hormone during the luteal phase
progesterone
34
LH drives [...] production in the theca cells
androgen
35
FSH drives [...] production in the granulosa cells
estrogen
36
during the luteal phase, the granulosa cells also express receptors for LH, causing the production of [2]
progesterone estradiol (via cellular reorganization: removal of the basement membrane, differentiation, and altered gene expression)
37
during the luteal phase, P4 [...] E2
P4 > E2
38
during the **early** follicular phase, P4 [...] E2
P4 < E2 P4 is decreasing, E2 rising
39
during the **late** follicular phase, P4 [...] E2
P4 < E2 **high levels of E2 giving positive feedback on HPO axis**
40
during what phase are high levels of E2 providing positive feedback on HPO axis?
late follicular
41
effects of the follicular phase on the uterus [4]
proliferation expression of P4-R contractions cervix changes (mediated by E2)
42
effects of the luteal phase on the uterus [4]
gland development uterine secretions uterine vasculature quiescence (mediated by P4)
43
peak/maximum oocytes numbers occur during [...]
fetal development
44
neuronal remodeling occurring in the [...] during puberty is responsible for changes in gonadotropin secretion
hypothalamus (gonadal steroid-independent)
45
as females approach puberty, there is a [...] in estrogen negative feedback
reduction (results in an increase in gonadotropin secretion)
46
during a normal menstrual cycle, what day is a good approximation for the day of ovulation?
mid-cycle day (in 28 day cycle, day 14)
47
ovarian secretion of estradiol is lowest when?
during menstruation (day 0)
48
[...] cells express aromatase and convert androgens to estrogen
granulosa
49
which cells are separated from the vasculature by the basement membrane?
granulosa cells
50
which cells are positioned closest to the vasculature?
theca cells
51
estrogen induces the expression of [...] on gonadotropes to enhance the gonadotropin surge
GnRH receptors
52
in the late follicular phase, estrogen induces the kisspeptin neurons in the AVPV via [...] feedback
positive
53
positive feedback of estrogen in the late follicular phase increases the delivery of GnRH to the gonadotropes. This causes them to release [2]
LH FSH
54
estrogen inhibits the activity of Kisspeptin neurons via the [...] nucleus
arcuate
55
estrogen stimulates the activity of Kisspeptin neurons via the [...] nucleus
AVPV
56
progesterone always elicits [...] feedback on the hypothalamus
negative
57
[...] functions to slow the secretion of LH
progesterone
58
how would LH, FSH, and estrogen levels be affected by menopause?
LH high FSH high estrogen low
59
promotes mono-ovulation prevents poly-ovulation
inhibin
60
nuclei in the hypothalamus regulating the release of GnRH [2]
arcuate nucleus AVPV nucleus
61
the oogonium undergo mitosis and produce [...] which are primary oocytes
primordial follicles
62
acts upon thecal cells to convert cholesterol into androgens
LH
63
stimulates the production of granulosa cells
FSH
64
androgens move from theca cells to granulosa cells, where FSH and aromatase stimulate its conversion to
estrogen
65
during which phase is estrogen causing a negative feedback loop?
early follicular
66
during which phase is estrogen causing a positive feedback loop?
late follicular
67
released mid-cycle to override the anterior pituitary and shut of production of FSH
inhibin (only hormone being produced at this time is LH --> LH surge)
68
stimulates proteolytic enzymes to cut around the follicle, releasing the oocyte
LH surge
69
LH stimulates the corpus luteum to produce
progesterone
70
what phase of the menstrual cycle is represented by day 0-14 of the ovary?
follicular
71
what phase of the menstrual cycle is represented by day 0-14 of the uterus?
proliferative
72
what phase of the menstrual cycle is represented by day 15-28 of the ovary?
luteal
73
what phase of the menstrual cycle is represented by day 15-28 of the uterus?
secretory
74
[...] can stimulate the theca cells to produce more androgens
IGF-1 | partially why they think PCOS has comorbid insulin resistance
75
what sustains the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?
LH (LH will be slightly higher in luteal phase)
76
what drives high progesterone in pregnancy?
hCG
77
how do exogenous androgens affect the HPO axis?
inhibits kisspeptin and GnRH low LH and FSH (essentially acts like a GnRH antagonist)
78
what would you expect to see for estrogen, progesteron, FSH, and LH levels in a menopausal female?
estrogen low progesterone low FSH high LH high (FSH and LH are still trying to stimulate the ovary, but ovary is no longer responding due to lack of follicles)
79
kisspeptin and GnRh are [...] in menopause inhibin is [...] in menopause
kisspeptin and GnRh are [elevated] in menopause inhibin is [suppressed] in menopause
80
stimulates Leydig cells to produce androgens
LH
81
granulosa cells within the follicle express [...] receptors
FSH
82
FSH induces the expression of [...], which converts androgens to estrogens in granulosa cells
aromatase
83
theca cells express [...] receptors
LH
84
LH induces the expression of [...] which are required for androgen synthesis from cholesterol in theca cells [3]
CYP11A 3betaHSD CYP17
85
[...] cells produce estrogen and inhibin
granulosa
86
[...] cells synthesize androstenedione
theca

RDS Test 1 (23 decks)

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