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Physiology > B8 L7 > Flashcards

B8 L7 Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

Innermost Mucosal Layer

A

consists of epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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2
Q

Epithelium

A

digests and absorbs food

secrete regulatory substances

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3
Q

Lamina Propria

A

beneath epithelium
CT
glands, nerve endings, capillaries, lymph vessels

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4
Q

Muscularis Mucosae

A

smooth muscle

increases epithelial surface area by folding mucosal layer

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5
Q

Muscularis Externus

A

smooth muscle

in contact with myenteric plexus

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6
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

integration and coordination center of nervous system

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7
Q

Serosa

A

mesentery

holds GI tract in place with connections to abdominal wall

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8
Q

4 Layers of GI

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
2 Muscular Layer
Serosa

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9
Q

Gastrin

A

from Gastric Antrum

causes stim of parietal cells to secrete H+ and ECL cells to secrete histamine

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10
Q

CCK

A

from duodenum
inhibits gastric emptying and H+ secretion
stim pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction, inhibit food intake

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11
Q

Secretin

A

from duodenum

stim pancreatic duct secretion

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12
Q

GIP

A

from intestine K cells

stim insulin secretion

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13
Q

Extrinsic Center

A

ANS innervation

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14
Q

Extrinsic PNS Division

A

increases GI function

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15
Q

Extrinsic SNS Division

A

reduces GI function

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16
Q

Extrinsic Afferents

A

back to CNS
info on meal contents and wall stretch
reflex arcs on vagus- vagovagal reflexes

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17
Q

Intrinsic Center

A

input from sensory cells in gut
integrate and send info to mm and enteroendocrine cells
modulated by ANS

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18
Q

Intrinsic w/o ANS

A

gut can function w/o

release NE/ Ach and GI hormones

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19
Q

GI Reflex Arc W/in Gut

A

control secretions, motility

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20
Q

GI Reflex Arc to Prevertebral Ganglia

A

info sent from one area of gut to another

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21
Q

GI Reflex Arc to Brain

A

pain, motor function, defecation reflex

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22
Q

Slow Waves

A

generated by pacemaker cells in gut wall

carried via gap junctions to rest of smooth muscle

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23
Q

Spike Potentials

A

when slow waves initiate APs
higher slow wave = more spikes
threshold = -40 mV
through slow calcium channels

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24
Q

Peristalsis

A

contraction moves food through intestines
relaxation before food mvmt
requires myenteric plexus

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25
Segmentation
splits up food in intestines | no forward mvmt
26
Local Control of Blood Flow
dependent upon metabolic demand (02) of tissue- increases after a meal
27
Hormonal Control of Blood Flow
CCK, VIP, and other paracrine substances released by gut to increase flow
28
Neural Control of Blood Flow
SNS reduces flow | PNS increases flow
29
Cephalic Response to Meal
prepares tract for food | initiated by smell, sight, thought of food
30
Oral Response to Meal
same as cephalic | food in mouth increases response
31
Esophageal Response to Meal
propelling food from mouth to stomach
32
Gastric Response to Meal
storage, mixing, protein digestion
33
Duodenal Response to Meal
SI | digestion and absorption
34
Intestinal Response to Meal
``` LI or Colonic digestion and absorption reabsorb water gut flora produce vitamins storage and excretion ```
35
Cephalic and Oral Phase Stim to GI
increases salivary secretions gastric acid secretions exocrine pancreas secretion release of bile from gallbladder
36
Saliva
begins digestion | from filtered plasma
37
Saliva Composition
hypotonic and alkaline- decrease with higher flow rates | high K+ and HCO3- lvls
38
Amylase
in saliva | breaks down carbs
39
Lipase
in saliva | digest lipids
40
Mucin
in saliva | lubrication
41
Lysozyme
in saliva | antibacterial- cleans teeth
42
Acinar Secretion
SNS (B1 and B2)- increases a little | PNS (M3)- increases a lot
43
Saliva and Blood Flow
SNS (a1)- reduce flow- less made | PNS (M3)- increase flow- more made
44
Ends oral phase and begins esophageal phase
swallowing
45
Upper Sphincter of Esophagus
striated mm; protects trachea from swallowed food and gastric reflux opens due to swallowing reflex
46
Lower Sphincter of Esophagus
smooth mm; protects esophagus from gastric reflux
47
Stomach Chemical Secretion
acid, mucus, water, HCO3-, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor
48
Cardia
behind Lower Esophageal Sphincter | makes mucous
49
Parietal
proximal stomach | oxyntic glands containing parietal and chief cells
50
Pyloric
distal stomach | pyloric glands w/ G cells and mucous cells
51
Chief Cells
secrete pepsinogen
52
Parietal Cells
secrete acid | pH of 0.8
53
G Cells
secrete gastrin
54
Mucous Cells
secrete mucous
55
Carbonic Anhydrase
makes H+ and HCO3- H+ = pumped into stomach HCO3- = exchanged for Cl- w/ blood
56
Stomach's Mucous Coat is....
alkaline- lots of HCO3-
57
Pepsinogen
activated by low pH, converted to pepsin starts protein digestion Ach increases releases
58
Intrinsic Factor
secreted by parietal cells | needed for B12 absorption
59
ECL Cells
release histamine onto parietal cells increases acid production activated by gastrin
60
Gastrin is released in response to _____ in meal
protein
61
Somatostatin
from D cells | inhibit gastrin release
62
Stomach Receptive Relaxation
vasovagal reflex where stretch of wall causes relaxation and more stretch mainly upper parts
63
Every 5 mixing waves make...
peristaltic wave | moves chyme through pyloric sphincter
64
Increasing Gastric Emptying
PNS stretch gastrin faster SI digestion time
65
CCK released in response to...
fats in chyme | inhibit emptying
66
Secretin released in response to.....
acidic chyme | inhibit emptying
67
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) released in response to....
fat and carbs in chyme | inhibit emptying
68
Peptic Ulcer Disease
damage to lining of GI tract
69
Pernicious Anemia
Loss of intrinsic factor no B12 absorption no new RBCs
70
Duodenum
most digestion
71
Jejunum
most absorption
72
Ileum
absorbs bile, B12, leftovers
73
Intestinal Phase
increased pancreatic secretions | increased gallbladder contraction
74
Acinar Cells
secrete amylase and lipase in response to PNS and CCK
75
S Cells
sense pH and release secretin which increases HCO3- secretion
76
CCK
increases enzyme secretion
77
Secretin
increase HCO3-
78
Bile
aids to digest and absorb lipids via micelles
79
Brunner's Glands
in Si secrete mucus that protects wall from acid reduced by SNS
80
Amylase
breaks down starch to maltose
81
SGLT1 Transporter
co transport glucose and galactose with sodium into cell
82
GLUT2
glucose and galactose transport into blood
83
GLUT5
Transports fructose into blood
84
Activates Pepsinogen
low pH
85
Fat Soluble Vitamins
A, D, E, K
86
Large Intestine
reabsorbs water and bacteria- made products
87
Haustration
mixing w/ forward movement in LI

Physiology (17 decks)

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