Back

Question 1

The back consists of

Superficial to deep

Answer 1

Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Deep fascia
Muscles 
Ligaments
Vertebral column 
Ribs
Spinal cord and meninges
Various segmental nerves and vessels

Question 2

How many vertebrae in an adult

What are the 5 regions

Answer 2

33
Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacral 5
Coccygeal 4

Question 3

Zygapophysial joint

Answer 3

The 25 cervical thoracic and lumbar and first sacral vertebrae articulate at this synovial joint

Question 4

What are the four curvatures of the vertebral column

Answer 4

Cervical lordosis
Lumbar lordosis
- both indent in
-secondary curvatures

Thoracic kyphosis
sacral kyphosis
-Both rounded
-primary curvatures

Question 5

What is a typical vertebra consist of

Answer 5

A vertebral body
Vertebral arch
Seven processes

Question 6

What does the vertebral body do

Answer 6

Gives strength to the vertebral column and supports body weight
Covered with hyaline cartilage

Question 7

What are the seven process that arise from a typical vertebra

Answer 7

Spinous process
Two transverse processes
Four articular processes

Question 8

Cervical vertebrae characteristics

Answer 8

Small wider body
Large and triangular vertebral foramen
Transverse process small
Spinous process are shorter

Question 9

Atlas characteristics

Answer 9

Ring like
No spinous process or body
Concave superior articular facets for the head

Question 10

Axis characteristics

Answer 10

Strongest cervical vertebrae

Has a dens

Question 11

Thoracic vertebrae characteristics

Answer 11

Body is heart shaped
Vertebral foramen is circular and smaller
Transverse process long and strong
Spinous process is long and slopes

Question 12

Lumbar vertebrae characteristics

Answer 12

Body is massive
Vertebral foramen triangular and large
Spinous process short and sturdy (hatchet shaped)

Question 13

Joints of the vertebral column include

Answer 13

The joints of the vertebral bodies joints of the vertebral arches
Craniovertebral joints
Costovertebral joints
Sacro-iliac joints

Question 14

Joints of vertebral bodies

Answer 14

Symphyses (secondary cartilaginous)
Designed for weight bearing and strength
The articulating surfaces of adjacent vertebrae are connected by IV discs and ligaments

Question 15

What is the anulus fibrosus

What is the nucleus pulposus

Answer 15

A ring consisting of concentric lamellae
The lamellae of the anulus thicken with age and often develop fissures and cavities

The central core of the IV disc
Thinner when tensed or stretched
The IV discs lose their turgor becoming thinner stiffer and more resistant to deformation
Avascular

Question 16

Anterior longitudinal ligament of the back

Answer 16

A strong broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs

Question 17

Posterior longitudinal ligament of the back

Answer 17

A much narrower somewhat weaker band

The ligament runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies

Question 18

What are the joints of the vertebral arches

Answer 18

Zygapophysial (facet joints)

Synovial plane joints

Surrounded by a thin loose joint (articular capsule)

Question 19

Accessory ligaments of intervertebral joints

Answer 19

Ligamenta flava

Interspinous ligaments

Supraspinous ligaments

Nuchal ligament

Question 20

Ligamenta flava

Answer 20

• extend almost vertically from the lamina above to the lamina below
• resist separation of the vertebral laminae by arresting abrupt flexion of the vertebral column and thereby preventing injury to the IV discs

Question 21

Interspinous ligament and supraspinous ligaments

Answer 21

Adjacent spinous processes are united by weak almost membranous interspinous ligaments and strong supraspinous
The supraspinous ligaments merges superiorly with the nuchal ligament

Question 22

Nuchal ligament

Answer 22

Is composed of thickened fibroelastic tissue extending from the external occipital protuberance

Question 23

Atlanto-occipital joints

Answer 23

Between the lateral masses of C1 and the occipital condyles
Permit nodding of the head such as the neck flexion and extension

Main movement is flexion

Synovial joints that are condyloid type

Question 24

Atlanto-axial joints

Answer 24

Movement permits the head to be turned from side to side as occurs when rotating the head as no

Question 25

What are the two atlanto-axial joints

Answer 25

Lateral atlanto-axial joints -between the lateral masses of C1 and the superior facets of C2 Median atlanto-axial joints -between the dens of C2

Question 26

The range of movement of the vertebral column is limited by

Answer 26

Thickness elasticity and compressibility of the IV discs Shape and orientation of the articular facets Tension of the joint capsules of the above joints Resistance of the back muscles and ligaments Attachment to the thoracic cage Bulk of the surrounding tissues

Question 27

Free movement of the vertebral column happens because

Answer 27

IV discs although thin relative to most other discs are thick relative to the small size of the vertebral bodies Articular surfaces of the zygapophysial joints are relatively large and the joint planes are almost horizontal Joint capsules of the zygapophysial joints are loose Neck is relatively slender

Question 28

Movements of the vertebral column are freeer where and what movements can happen freely

Answer 28

Cervical and lumbar regions Flexion extension lateral flexion and rotation of the neck

Question 29

Spinal cord beginning and ending

Answer 29

Medulla oblongata The conus medullaris (either T12 and or as low as L3)

Question 30

What are the two enlarged regions of the spine for innervation

Answer 30

The cervical enlargement Lumbosacral enlargement

Question 31

Cervical enlargement

Answer 31

Extends from the C4 through the T1 segments of the spinal cord and most of the anterior rami of the spinal nerves arising from it form the brachial plexus of nerves which innervates the upper limbs

Question 32

Lumbosacral enlargement

Answer 32

Extends from the L1 through the S3 segments of the spinal cord and the anterior rami of the spinal nerves arising from it contribute to the lumbar and sacral plexuses of nerves which innervate the lower limbs The spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris form the cauda equina the bundle of spinal nerve roots running inferior to the spinal cord through the lumbar cistern

Question 33

How many spinal nerves are there

Answer 33

31 pairs of spinal nerves ``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```

Question 34

What nerve root exists between C1 and C2

Answer 34

C2 nerve

Question 35

What nerve root exits between T1 and T2

Answer 35

T1 nerve root