Flashcards in Back Deck (35)
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1
The back consists of
Superficial to deep
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Deep fascia
Muscles
Ligaments
Vertebral column
Ribs
Spinal cord and meninges
Various segmental nerves and vessels
2
How many vertebrae in an adult
What are the 5 regions
33
Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacral 5
Coccygeal 4
3
Zygapophysial joint
The 25 cervical thoracic and lumbar and first sacral vertebrae articulate at this synovial joint
4
What are the four curvatures of the vertebral column
Cervical lordosis
Lumbar lordosis
- both indent in
-secondary curvatures
Thoracic kyphosis
sacral kyphosis
-Both rounded
-primary curvatures
5
What is a typical vertebra consist of
A vertebral body
Vertebral arch
Seven processes
6
What does the vertebral body do
Gives strength to the vertebral column and supports body weight
Covered with hyaline cartilage
7
What are the seven process that arise from a typical vertebra
Spinous process
Two transverse processes
Four articular processes
8
Cervical vertebrae characteristics
Small wider body
Large and triangular vertebral foramen
Transverse process small
Spinous process are shorter
9
Atlas characteristics
Ring like
No spinous process or body
Concave superior articular facets for the head
10
Axis characteristics
Strongest cervical vertebrae
Has a dens
11
Thoracic vertebrae characteristics
Body is heart shaped
Vertebral foramen is circular and smaller
Transverse process long and strong
Spinous process is long and slopes
12
Lumbar vertebrae characteristics
Body is massive
Vertebral foramen triangular and large
Spinous process short and sturdy (hatchet shaped)
13
Joints of the vertebral column include
The joints of the vertebral bodies joints of the vertebral arches
Craniovertebral joints
Costovertebral joints
Sacro-iliac joints
14
Joints of vertebral bodies
Symphyses (secondary cartilaginous)
Designed for weight bearing and strength
The articulating surfaces of adjacent vertebrae are connected by IV discs and ligaments
15
What is the anulus fibrosus
What is the nucleus pulposus
A ring consisting of concentric lamellae
The lamellae of the anulus thicken with age and often develop fissures and cavities
The central core of the IV disc
Thinner when tensed or stretched
The IV discs lose their turgor becoming thinner stiffer and more resistant to deformation
Avascular
16
Anterior longitudinal ligament of the back
A strong broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs
17
Posterior longitudinal ligament of the back
A much narrower somewhat weaker band
The ligament runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies
18
What are the joints of the vertebral arches
Zygapophysial (facet joints)
Synovial plane joints
Surrounded by a thin loose joint (articular capsule)
19
Accessory ligaments of intervertebral joints
Ligamenta flava
Interspinous ligaments
Supraspinous ligaments
Nuchal ligament
20
Ligamenta flava
- extend almost vertically from the lamina above to the lamina below
-resist separation of the vertebral laminae by arresting abrupt flexion of the vertebral column and thereby preventing injury to the IV discs
21
Interspinous ligament and supraspinous ligaments
Adjacent spinous processes are united by weak almost membranous interspinous ligaments and strong supraspinous
The supraspinous ligaments merges superiorly with the nuchal ligament
22
Nuchal ligament
Is composed of thickened fibroelastic tissue extending from the external occipital protuberance
23
Atlanto-occipital joints
Between the lateral masses of C1 and the occipital condyles
Permit nodding of the head such as the neck flexion and extension
Main movement is flexion
Synovial joints that are condyloid type
24
Atlanto-axial joints
Movement permits the head to be turned from side to side as occurs when rotating the head as no
25
What are the two atlanto-axial joints
Lateral atlanto-axial joints
-between the lateral masses of C1 and the superior facets of C2
Median atlanto-axial joints
-between the dens of C2
26
The range of movement of the vertebral column is limited by
Thickness elasticity and compressibility of the IV discs
Shape and orientation of the articular facets
Tension of the joint capsules of the above joints
Resistance of the back muscles and ligaments
Attachment to the thoracic cage
Bulk of the surrounding tissues
27
Free movement of the vertebral column happens because
IV discs although thin relative to most other discs are thick relative to the small size of the vertebral bodies
Articular surfaces of the zygapophysial joints are relatively large and the joint planes are almost horizontal
Joint capsules of the zygapophysial joints are loose
Neck is relatively slender
28
Movements of the vertebral column are freeer where and what movements can happen freely
Cervical and lumbar regions
Flexion extension lateral flexion and rotation of the neck
29
Spinal cord beginning and ending
Medulla oblongata
The conus medullaris (either T12 and or as low as L3)
30