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Anatomy > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Regional anatomy

A

The organization of the body into parts

Head
Neck
Trunk 
Thorax
Abs
Pelvis/perineum 
Back 
Upper and lower limbs
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2
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Organized by organ systems

Skeletal (osteology)
Articular (arthrology)
Muscular (myology)
Nervous (neurology)

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3
Q

Anatomical position

A

Head and toes face forward
Upper limbs at sides palms face anteriorly
Lower limbs close and parallel toes face anterior

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4
Q

Anatomical planes

A

Median - right and left halves
Sagittal - parallel to median
Frontal (coronal) - anterior posterior
Transverse - upper (superior) and lower (inferior)

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5
Q

Terms of laterality

A

Bilateral - paired structures having right and left sides

Unilateral - occurring on only one side

Ipsilateral - occurring on the same side of the body

Contralateral - occurring on the opposite side of the body

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6
Q

Skeletal system two main parts

A

Axial
- the head neck and trunk (ribs sternum vertebrae and sacrum)

Appendicular
- limbs and shoulder/pelvic girdles

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7
Q

Bones importance

A 
Living connective tissue 
Protection
Support
Movement 
Storage for salts
Continuous supply of blood cells
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8
Q

Cartilage

A

Resilient
Semirigid
Avascular (no blood supply)
Connective tissue

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9
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Synovial joints

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10
Q

Periosteum

A

Bone covering

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11
Q

Perichondrium

A

Cartilage covering

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12
Q

Two types of bone

A

Compact and spongy

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13
Q

Classes of bones

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
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14
Q

Condyle definition

A

Rounded articular area

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15
Q

Crest definition

A

Ridge of bone

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16
Q

Epicondyle definition

A

Eminence superior to a condyle

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17
Q

Facet definition

A

Smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage where a bone articulates with another bone

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18
Q

Foramen definition

A

Passage through a bone

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19
Q

Fossa definition

A

Hollow or depression area

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20
Q

Line or linea definition

A

Linear elevation

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21
Q

Malleolus definition

A

Rounded prominence

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22
Q

Notch definition

A

Indentation at the edge of a bone

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23
Q

Process definition

A

Projecting spine like part

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24
Q

Protuberance definition

A

Projection of bone

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25
Spine definition
Thorn like process
26
Trochanter definition
Large blunt elevation
27
Tubercle definition
Small raised eminence
28
Tuberosity definition
Large rounded elevation
29
Bone development occurs where
At epiphyseal plate
30
Joint definition
An articulation or union/junction between two or more ridged components
31
Three types of joints
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
32
Fibrous joints
United by fibrous tissue Movement is not a lot A syndesmosis
33
What is a syndesmosis
Type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue either a ligament or membrane
34
Example of fibrous joints | Syndesmosis fibrous joints
Sutures Gomphosis = teeth Between ulna and radius membrane = syndesmosis
35
Cartilaginous joints
United by hyaline cartilage | Slight movement
36
Two types of cartilaginous joints
(Primary) Synchondrosis - united by hyaline cartilage, permits bone growth (Secondary) Symphysis - binding tissue like a fibrocartilaginous disc
37
Examples of cartilaginous joints
Intervertebral disc | At the epiphysial plate
38
Synovial joints
Lots of movement Two bones are separated by a joint cavity with synovial fluid Most common joint
39
Types of synovial joints
``` Pivot = uniaxial (head) Ball and socket = multiaxial (hip) Condyloid = biaxial (fingers) Saddle = biaxial (thumb) Hinge = uniaxial (elbow) Plane = uniaxial (clavicle) ```
40
Three types of muscles
Skeletal Cardiac (striated) Smooth
41
How are most muscles attached
Directly or indirectly through tendons and aponeuroses to bone cartilages ligaments or fascia Some are attached to organs to skin and to mucus membranes
42
How are muscles named
``` Function Attachment Shape Position Length Size Number of attachments ```
43
Pennate muscles definition
Feather like arrangement of Fiber bundles Unipennate (one direction) Bipennate Multipennate
44
Fusiform muscles definition
Spindle shaped round thick belly and tapered ends
45
Parallel muscles definition
The fiber bundles lie parallel to the long axis of the muscle Flat muscles often have aponeuroses
46
Convergent muscles definition
Have a broad attachment from which the fiber bundles converge to a single tendon
47
Circular muscles definition
Surround a body opening or oriface constricting it when contracted
48
Digastric muscles definition
Feature two bellies in series sharing a common intermediate tendon
49
Contraction of muscles
Shorten to about 70% of their resting length
50
Attachments of muscles are commonly described as what
Origin - usually the proximal end of the muscle remains fixed during contraction Insertion - usually the distal end and is moveable
51
Three types of contraction
Reflexive contraction - automatic and not voluntarily controlled Tonic contraction - a slight contraction (muscle tone) that does not produce movement or active resistance but gives muscle firmness Phasic contraction
52
Two types of phasic contraction
Isometric - the muscle length remains the same no movement occurs but muscle tension is increased (holding) Isotonic - the muscle changes length to produce movement
53
Two types of isotonic contraction
Concentric - muscles get shorter Eccentric - muscles get longer
54
What is the structural unit of a muscle
Muscle fibre
55
What is the functional unit of a muscle
Consists of a motor neuron and muscle fibers Motor unit
56
What is a prime mover or agonist
The main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body Ie) Concentric contraction
57
What is a fixator
Steady the proximal parts of a limb while movement occurs in distal parts
58
What is a synergist
Complements the action of the prime mover Ie) preventing movement of the intervening joint when a prime mover passes over more than one joint
59
What is an antagonist
A muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover | As the prime mover contracts the antagonist progressively relaxes producing a smooth movement
60
What is the structural division of the nervous system
Central (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral (nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS)
61
What is the functional division of the nervous system
Somatic (voluntary that carries sensation from the skin and joints) Autonomic (involuntary supplies smooth muscles)
62
What are the three membranous layers of the central nervous system What are the collectively called
Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater The meninges
63
Two types of autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic - catabolic which prepares the body for fight or flight Parasympathetic - anabolic and promotes normal function and conserved energy

Anatomy (8 decks)

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