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Question 1

What are the main structures of a typical vertebra

Answer 1

Vertebral body, pedicle, vertebral canal, laminae, transverse processes, spinous process

Question 2

How many vertebrae are there?

Answer 2

33 vertebrae:

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 Coccygeal (fused)

Question 3

Superficial back

Answer 3

Posterior part of the trunk, inferior to the neck and superior to the gluteal region. Forms axis of body. Vertebral column and supporting muscles, spinal cord and associated tissues

Question 4

Synovial (diarthroidal) joint

Answer 4

Between superior and inferior articulating processes that allow for movement

Question 5

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 5

Pliable material between vertebral bodies

Question 6

Intervertebral discs

Answer 6

Made of cartilage, cushions between bodies, Ligaments in front and behind

Question 7

Annulus fibrosus

Answer 7

Outer portion of intervertebral disc

Question 8

Nucleus pulposus

Answer 8

Inner portion of intervertebral disc, often herniates, will tear and compress nerve

Question 9

Radiculopathy

Answer 9

Compressing a nerve

Question 10

Cranio-vertebral joints

Answer 10

Atlanto-occipital joint
Atlanto-axial joint
Atlas: C1
Axis: C2
Occiptal: part of skull

Question 11

Atlanto-occiptal joints

Answer 11

Highest joints that join to skull, lay between C1 and Occipital condyles, nodding head

Question 12

Atlanto-axial joint

Answer 12

Between C1 and C2, shaking head side to side

Question 13

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Answer 13

Checks EXTENSION of the vertebral column, continues superiorly as the anterior atlanto-axial ligament and then anterior atlanto-occiptal ligament

Question 14

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Answer 14

Checks FLEXION of the vertebral column, thinner, herniation at the back, continues superiorly as the tectorial ligament

Question 15

Ligamentum flavum

Answer 15

Connect adjacent laminae, checks FLEXION of the vertebral column, From Occipital bone to C1: posterior atlanto-occiptal ligament. From C1 to C2: posterior atlanto-axial ligament

Question 16

Interspinous Ligaments

Answer 16

Checks FLEXION, connects transverse processes

Question 17

Supraspinous ligaments

Answer 17

Connects tips of adjacent spinous processes (ligamentum nuchae at cervical levels), Check FLEXION

Question 18

Lumbar puncture

Answer 18

Skin—>supraspinous ligament—>interspinous ligament—>ligamentum flavum—>dura mater—>subarachnoid space (Where CSF is)

Question 19

Extrinsic back muscles

Answer 19

Muscle part is in one place, but action is elsewhere

• Trapezius
• Latissimus Dorsi
• Levator scapulae
• Rhomboid major and minor

Question 20

Intermediate Group

Answer 20

Assists in holding the deep back muscles in place and are accessory muscles of respiration
-Serratus posterior superior and inferior

Question 21

Trapezius

Answer 21

Proximal: Superior nuchal line, external occipital protruberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T12
Distal: Clavicle acromion, scapular spine
-Elevate shoulder blades, retract and depress scapula
-Cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory nerve)
-Transverse cervical artery

Question 22

Latissimus dorsi

Answer 22

Proximal: Spinous processes T7-T12, thoracolumbar fasica, iliac crest
Distal: Floor of intertuburcular sulcus of humerus
Actions: Extension, adduction, medial/internal rotation of humerus; lifts body toward arm in climbing
Innervation and blood supply: by thoracodorsal nerve and artery

Question 23

Levator scapulae

Answer 23

Proximal: transverse processes, C1-C4
Distal: Superior angle of scapula
innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
Blood: Dorsal scapular artery

Question 24

Rhomboid major and minor

Answer 24

Proximal: Minor: nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7, T1
Major: spinous processes of T2-T5
Distal: Medial border of scapula (minor superior to scapular spine, major below scapular spine)

Question 25

Serratus posterior superior

Answer 25

Actions: Elevation of ribs

Question 26

Serratus posterior inferior

Answer 26

Actions: Depression of ribs

Question 27

Triangle of auscultation

Answer 27

Allows lung sounds to be heard clearly because no muscle intervenes between skin and rib cage

Question 28

Lumbar triangle of petit

Answer 28

Site for hernias of retroperitoneal contents through posterior abdominal wall

Question 29

Deep back muscles

Answer 29

Maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column, deep to the investing fascia of cervical regions (nuchal fascia/ligaments)

Question 30

Spinotransverse Muscles

Answer 30

``` Splenius capitals (skull) and cervicus (neck), looks like bandage Actions: lateral flexion of neck and rotation of head ```

Question 31

Erector spinae

Answer 31

``` Erect the spine. Originates in common muscle mass near the hipbone. 3 columns, Iliocostalis- Most lateral Longissimus- Intermediate (very long) Spinalis- Most medial (I LIKE SPAGHETTI) Actions: Unilateral lateral flexion Bilateral yields extension ```

Question 32

Transverso-spinal

Answer 32

Start at transverse process and angle in towards spinous processes Semispinalis- Spans 4-6 vertebrae before inserting distally Multifidus- Spans 2-4 vertebrae before inserting distally Rotators- Span 1-2 vertebrae before inserting distally

Question 33

Semispinalis

Answer 33

Semispinalis capitus- attaches to skull Semispinalis cervicus- Attaches to the neck Actions: Extension of vertebral column and head

Question 34

Greater occipital nerves

Answer 34

Pierce through semispinalis capitus and supply sensory information to back of head

Question 35

Multifidus

Answer 35

Spans 2-4 vertebrae, thickest in lumbar region (strained lower back) Actions: stabilize vertebrae

Question 36

Rotators

Answer 36

1-2 vertebrae, deepest and on vertebrae. Best in thoracic region Actions: help rotate column

Question 37

Intrinsic deep back muscles

Answer 37

Innervated by dorsal (posterior) rami of spinal nerves

Question 38

Extrinsic deep back muscles

Answer 38

Innervated by ventral (anterior) rami of spinal nerves (EXCEPT Trapezius CN XI)

Question 39

Suboccipital Triangle

Answer 39

Vertebral artery runs through and supplies brain with blood. Lies deep to trapezius and semispinalis capitus, Boundaries: rectus capitus posterior major, obliquus capitus superior and inferior Floor of triangle: arch of C1 vertebra and posterior atlanto-opccipital membrane