External Occipital Protrubance (EOP)
Bony Bump on the Occipital Bone
Mastoid Process
Behind the ear, off of the temporal bone
Spine of the Scapula
Runs across the top posterior
Acromion
Lateral End of the Spine of the Scapula
Angles and Borders of the Scapula
Inferior Angle, Superior Angle, Medial and Lateral Boarder
Spinous Process of C7
Vertebra Prominens
Spinous Process of T3
Even with the Spine of the scapula
Spinous Process of T7
Even with the inferior angle of the scapula
Spinous Process of L4
Even with the highest point of the iliac crest, where they mark for a lumbar pucture
Spinous Process of S2
Lines in the middle of the posterior Superior iliac spine, seen between the dimples of the back
Median Sacral Crest
the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebra
Intergluteal cleft
AKA Natal cleft, “butt crack”
Nuchal Lines
One the Occipital Bone
Superior: marking the superior limit of the neck and it extends laterally from the protuberance on the bone
Inferior: less distinct
Occipital Condyles
on each side of the foramen magnum, its where the cranium meets with the vertebral column
Vertebral Parts
Body, Arch, Pedicles, Vertbral Notches, Transverse Processes, Foramina, Laminae, Articular facets, Spinous Process
Cervical Vertebrae
7 of them
Facet Don’t lock and the Spinous Process stick straight out so they can circumduct (all movements)
Thoracic Vertebrae
12 of them
Since the Spinous Process is the the way the extention is limited and no rotation occurs
Lumbar Vertebrae
5 of them
The facets are turned (inferior=lateral, superior=medial) so that causes a locking in that limits rotation
There is flexion and extension
Intervertebral foramen
Space when two vertebra come together, from the side view, with the nerves come out from
Vertebral Foramen
where the spinal cord runs, through the middle (down)
Atlas
C1, Has the posterior and anterior arches
Anterior and Posterior Arches
Lateral Masses
Superior Anterior Facet
Axis
C2 has the dens
Uncovertebral Joints (Lushka Joints)
Located between the uncus of the bodies (uncinate process) of c3-c6 vertebrae
-frequent site of spur formation that may cause neck pain
Bifid Spinous Process
seen on C2-C6, split into two parts
Uncinate Process
- cervical spine
- it is a hooked shaped process on the surface of the vertebral bodes (uncus) that helps control the movements of the spine
Intervertebral Discs (IV)
Between the two bodies of the vertbrae
Two parts:
-Nucleus Pulposus: Central Core, gelatinous
-Anulus Fibrosus: fibrous part that lines the circumference of the IV
Primary Curvatures
Thoracic and Sacral
Secondary Curvatures
Lumber and Cervical
Lordoses
Lumber Region, Concave Posteriorly (Pregnant Women)
Kyphoses
Thoracic and Sacral Regions, Concave anteriorly
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and iv discs, helps maintain stability, runs from the pelvic surface of the sacrum to the tubercle of C1
Helps limit hyper extension
Ligamentum Flavum
the laminea of the adajcent vertebral arches are joined by the board elastic fibrous tissue, help to resist seperation,
Facet Joints (Zygapophyseal)
Between vertebrae, a synovial joint (symphysis)
Atlanto-axial joint
One Medial between the dens and the anterior arch and tranverse process of the atlas
(Between axis and atlas)
Two lateral between the lateral masses of C1 and superior facets of C2
(motion of the head shaking “no”)
Atlanto-occipital Joint
between C1 and lateral masses and occipital condyles, permits nodding
(Motion of the head shaking “ok”)
Joints of the vertebral bodies
Symphyses
Reflective contraction
Autonomic and not voluntarily control
Arteriosclerosis
Blood flow through the transverse foramen and suboccipital triangle is reduced
Which means that blood flow is decreased to the brain stem, especially with rotation of the neck
What is whiplash? And what does it cause?
Hyper extension
And can rip or tear the Anterior longitudinal ligament
Fractures of the vertebrae are caused by?
Sudden forceful flexion, etc. car accident
Muscular atrophy
Wasting of the muscular tissue
Tonic contraction
Gives muscles firmness through slight contraction without movement or resistance (posture)
Phasic contraction: isometric
Muscle length the same, no movement but the muscle tendon is increased
(Etc. deltoid holding the arm in abduction)
Phasic contraction; isotonic
Muscle changes length for movement.
Concentric muscle shortening
Eccentric muscle relaxation