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Question 1

rest exercise transision

Answer 1

1. Oxygen uptake increases rapidly (steady within 1-4mins)
2. Oxygen deficit- lag in oxygen uptake at begining of ex.
   - Suggests anaerobic pathways contribute to total ATP prod
   - after steady state is reached ATP requirement is met thru aerobic ATP prod

Question 2

2 Portions of EPOC

Answer 2

FAST
- 20%
- resynthesis of stored PC
-replenishing muscle + blood O2 stores
SLOW
-80%
-elevated body temp and catecholamines
-conversion of lactate and glucose
elevated HR and ventilation

Question 3

Redistribution of blood flow during ex

Answer 3

larger % to muslces
withdrawl of sympathetic vasoconstriction
decrease O2 tension + PH
- increase capillary recruitment

Question 4

Cardio changes during ex (SBP, SV, CO, HR, AVO2)

Answer 4

SBP - increases
SV- goes up then levels off at 40% because it cant fill w enough blood when pumping fast
CO, HR, AVO2- increases

Question 5

What 2 things determine magnitude of adaptation following ex

Answer 5

1. genetics

2. initial training status

Question 6

Cardiac adaptations w exercise

Answer 6

1. cardiac remodeling- increase ventricular chamber size (fillable volume)
2. Complience of heart wall increases (increase EDV and SV)
3. Cardiac hypertrophy

Question 7

Stims that trigger adaptation

Answer 7

Stretch (preload)
Afterload ( concentric hypertrophy)
Neurohumoral
metabolic

Question 8

Endurance training effect on vasculature

Answer 8

Angiogenesis

• increase # of capillaries
• increase # of capillaries in parallel w eachother
• Increase potential to decrease resistance when there is appropriate vasodialation

2. Improved control of vaso dialation and recruitment of capillary netwroks

Question 9

Effects of having more capillaries

Answer 9

• increase in max skeletal BF
• Increase in surface area for diffusional exchange (increase twists and turns)
• increase in twists + turns help prevent very fast travel of RBC and time for diffusion is maintained

Question 10

Sarcolemma

Answer 10

outer surface membrane that surrounds entire muscle cell (excitable)

Question 11

T-Tubules

Answer 11

Invagination of the sarcolemma into the fibres interior along a line vertical to fibre axis

Question 12

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

• extensive muscle membrane system surrounding myofibril

- plays key role in regulation of intracellular ca (stores and releases)

Question 13

Steps in excitation contraction coupling

Answer 13

1. AP is generated
2. Ach is released @ neuromuscular junction
3. AP conducted along sarcolemma + into T tubules
4. Triggers Ca release from SR
5. Ca binds to troponin removing tropomyosin from myosin binding cite on actin
6. Power stroke of myosin moves actin
7. Excitation stops + Ca is pumped from cytosol back into SR, Ca disociates from troponin

Question 14

Mitocondrial bigenesis after endurance training

Answer 14

• size and number of mitochondria increase
• more triglyceride storage in muscle
• enhanced FFA delievery to muscle during ex

Question 15

increase in mitochondral biogenesis after endurance training leads to

Answer 15

increase fat oxidation

-decrease in glycolosys, CHO utalization, PCr hydrolysis, blood lactate accumulation

Question 16

Tight vs loose metabolic control

Answer 16

tight- over broad range of metablic and work rates PCR, P, ATP, ADP show very minmal changes despite large increases in ATPase and mitocondrial ATP synthesis

Question 17

resistance training neural adaptation

Answer 17

1. increased activation of agonist (possible to increase firing rates too)
2. reduced antagonist coactivation
3. muscle training provides strong stim that activates neuroendocrine system ( GH, IGF1, Test)

Question 18

What is hypertrophy due to

Answer 18

translational capacity + # of myonuclei

• increase in ribosomal translation= produce more pro
• satellite cells can become myonuclei= more ribosomes= more translation of pro

Question 19

Mitochondrial biogenesis pathway

Answer 19

exercise–> increase AMP–> AMPK—> PGC1a–> FA oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis

Question 20

3 key players on mitochondrial biogenesis

Answer 20

NRF1/2- increase transcription, Activates tFam
Tfam- increas mtDNA transcription, coordinate mRNA response
PGC1a- coactivate NRF

Question 21

moderate and exessive amounds of ROS effects

Answer 21

mod

• signaling molecule for body
• upregulates HSP
• PGC1a upregulation (mitochondriagenesis, muscle hypertrophy)

Exess

• muscle damgage (activated neutrophils)
• ischemia reprofusion

Question 22

Calcium as a signiling molecule

Answer 22

ca–> calcineurin–> hypertrophy, IL6

–> too much–> calpain–> pro breakdown

Question 23

Moderate levels of IL6

Answer 23

decrease TNFa, increase neurtraphils + macrophages activates AMPK path, antinflammatory, angiogenesis

Question 24

Irisin

Answer 24

increase UCP-1, fat cell browning

Question 25

UCP-1

Answer 25

decreases hydrogen gradient producing heat instead

Question 26

changes that occur with transision to physical inactivity (skeletal muscle + adipose tissue)

Answer 26

mucle- decreased fatty acid oxidation, decrease muscle mass, decrease insulin signaling adipose- increase adipose mass, increase cell volume, increase FFA traficking to triglyceride storage

Question 27

Metabolic syndrom what do you need

Answer 27

3 OF- - high BP - high blood glucose - excess body fat around waist - high blood triglyceride - reduce HDC