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Y4 Farm - Miscellaneous > Backyard poultry > Flashcards

Backyard poultry Flashcards

The basics (136 cards)

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1
Q

Normal hr

A
  • 220-360bpm
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2
Q

Normal resp rate

A
  • 12-37brpm
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3
Q

Normal temp

A
  • 40-42C
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4
Q

Points of interest for CE

A
  • nasal/ocular discharge
  • eyes should be bright and clear
  • no ulcers or mucosal lesions in the mouth/tongue
  • crop filling and consistency
  • lumps/bumps
  • covering on breast bone
  • abdomen: free fluid, pain, masses
  • wings: able to extend and move
  • legs: trauma/mites
  • feet: swelling/ulcers
  • feather and plumage: loss/parasites
  • vent: scour
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5
Q

Generic CS of dz

A
  • depression or other behaviour changes
  • changes in food and water consumption
  • dull feathers
  • soiling of the feathers around nares, vent, shoulders, or eyes
  • swelling around or discharge around the eyes
  • discharge from the eyes or nares
  • abnormal faeces
  • favouring or lameness in limbs
  • decrease in activity
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6
Q

Notifiable diseases

A
  • avian influenza
  • Newcastle disease
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7
Q

What subtypes of avian influenza are important in birds?

A
  • H5
  • H7
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8
Q

Is avian influenza high or low pathogenicity?

A
  • can be either
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9
Q

Avian influenza CS

A
  • swollen head
  • blue discolouration of neck and throat
  • loss of appetite
  • resp distress
  • d+
  • reduced egg production
  • increased mortality
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10
Q

What virus is Newcastle dz?

A
  • paramyxovirus
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11
Q

Severity of Newcastle dz

A
  • acute
  • high mortality
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12
Q

Newcastle dz CS

A
  • sneezing
  • nasal discharge
  • coughing
  • greenish, watery d+
  • depression
  • muscular tremors
  • drooping wings
  • complete paralysis
  • swelling of the tissues around the eyes and in the neck
  • sudden death
  • increased death loss in a flock
  • in laying birds there can be partial to complete drop in egg production, and production of thin-shelled eggs
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13
Q

Newcastle dz transmission

A
  • birds droppings
  • nasal, mouth and eye secretions
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14
Q

What environments can Newcastle dz virus survive in?

A
  • warm and humid environments
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15
Q

APHA registration

A
  • any bird (ANY no. of birds, even 1) must be registered
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16
Q

Why blood sample?

A
  • PCV
  • TP
  • WBCc
  • biochem
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17
Q

Where to blood sample?

A
  • brachial wing vein
    (- medial metatarsal vein
  • jugular vein)
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18
Q

How much blood can be taken?

A
  • 1-2% of body weight
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19
Q

Risk with blood sampling

A
  • haematomas form easily
    – need to apply pressure
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20
Q

Forms/routes of fluid therapy

A
  • SC
  • oral
  • IV catheter
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21
Q

When to use SC fluid therapy

A
  • mild dehydration
  • for maintenance fluids
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22
Q

Volume for SC fluid therapy

A
  • 3-5ml/100g
  • 5-10ml/site
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23
Q

SC fluid therapy sites

A
  • axilla/lateral flank areas
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24
Q

When to use oral fluid therapy

A
  • mild dehydration
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25
Volume for oral fluid therapy
- 3-5ml/100g - 5-10ml/site
26
When to not use oral fluids
- GI stasis - lateral recumbency - seizuring - head trauma - shock
27
Oral rehydration solution to use for oral fluid therapy
- 5% dextrose solution
28
Sites for IVFT
- right jugular vein - medial metatarsal vein
29
Catheter type for IVFT
- butterfly catheter
30
How to do IVFT
- blue 10ml/kg over 5-10mins and repeat q3h for 12h, then every 8h, then BID
31
Benefit of IVFT
- rapidly expands circulatory volume - perfuses kidneys - good for shock pts - severe dehydration
32
Common causes of wounds
- cannibalism/bullying - trauma
33
Cannibalism/bulling prevention & tx
- always ensure sufficient space and feed - provide environmental enrichment - separate injured birds if possible - spray with topical antiseptic spray after cleaning, ensure area is not red, coloured spray is best - NSAIDs - +/- ABs
34
Trauma tx
- prevent bacterial sepsis with ABs - NSAIDs - Supportive therapy -- warmth/heat lamp -- hydration with electrolytes -- tube feeding
35
Reproductive conditions
- egg binding/oviduct impaction - egg peritonitis
36
Which birds are most affected by egg binding?
- pullets - obese/early production
37
What is egg binding?
- obstruction of the oviduct
38
Egg binding diagnosis
- abdominal palpation - US - radiograph
39
Egg binding tx
- external reduction of the egg and natural passing -- wrap in a warm towel and massage or place in a warm bath -- use lots of lube - surgical remove of the oviduct -- salpingohysterectomy - calcium given IM and orally
40
Is egg peritonitis common?
- yes, very
41
What bacteria causes egg peritonitis?
- e.coli
42
What is salpingitis?
- inflammation of the fallopian tubes, caused by bacterial infection
43
What is egg peritonitis?
- ascending infection from the cloaca
44
Stress factors for egg peritonitis
- social & environmental
45
Infectious factors for egg peritonitis
- parasites - mycoplasma - infectious bronchitis
46
Which birds are more susceptible to egg peritonitis?
- older birds / large egg laying birds
47
Causes of d+
- Upset in gut flora - Anorexia - Parasites - Bacterial scour secondary to infectious disease - Poor hygiene
48
Foot pad infection/bumble foot/pododermatitis: definition/cause
- bacterial infection causing swelling
49
Foot pad infection/bumble foot/pododermatitis: tx
- soak foot in dilute hibi - surgery to remove callus
50
Fracture tx
- external fixation +/- intramedullary positive profile pins
51
How can Mareks dz cause lameness? How can this present?
- tumours on the sciatic nerve -> paralysis - one leg positioned forwards, one positioned backwards
52
Bacteria causing septic joints
- staph aureus - e.coli - pasteurella - salmonella - mycoplasma
53
Septic joint CS
- 1 or multiple joints enlarged and warm
54
Why x-ray a septic joint?
- to assess osteomyelitis
55
How much water do poultry require?
- 1.5-3.5 parts water for every 1 part of feed consumed - up to 5-6 times for waterfowl
56
Water consumption limitation factors
- salts - dietary fibre content - ambient temperature - medications - disease state
57
Nutritional issues
- insufficient water quality or amount - vitamin d3 - urolithiasis/gout
58
Signs of vitamin d3 deficiency
Skeletal abnormalities including - beading of the ribs, scoliosis, soft and pliable bones, keel, and beak, and rickets - lack of hydroxyapatite crystallization at the growth plate in long bones such as the tibia, femur, or humerus
59
Urolithiasis cause/definition
- blockage of ureter with urates
60
Gout cause/definition
- renal damage and high blood uric acid levels - urate deposit in kidneys/joints/serosa surfaces
61
Causes of weight gain
- nutritional - abdominal fluid (i.e. ascites) - tumour
62
Nutritional causes of weight gain
- overfeeding high proteins - maize corn
63
Why does feeding maize corn cause weight gain?
- it is high in starch and oil
64
Why does overfeeding high proteins cause a problem?
- causes increased egg size -> increased risk of vent prolapses/peritonitis
65
When does moulting occur?
- once a year late summer - winter
66
What should you give pet chickens when moulting begins?
- multivitamins
67
Cause of stunted feather growth
- vitamin deficiency
68
Mites found in pet poultry
- Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) - Red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) - Burrowing mites (Cnemidocoptes spp)
69
Where are northern fowl mites commonly found?
- around the vent, tail and breast
70
Appearance of Northern fowl mites
- small - reddish-brown flecks
71
When do red mites feed?
- only at night
72
CS of red mites
- feather loss - irritation - anaemia
73
Lice found in pet poultry
- yellow body louse (Menacanthus stramineus)
74
CS of Cnemidocoptes spp
- feather loss - excessive scaliness
75
Parasites in pet poultry
- mites - lice - trichomonosis - ticks - threadworm/ crop capillariasis - histomoniasis - round and tape worm - coccidia
76
CS of trichomonosis
- canker and fluid accumulation if crop affected - inability to swallow - open mouth breathing - small white/yellow lesions of necrosis in oral cavity
77
Prevention & tx of trichomonosis
- clean feed and water areas - ABs
78
CS of ticks
- anaemia - paralysis
79
Are ticks commonly seen on affected birds?
- no
80
CS of threadworm infection / crop capillariasis
- open mouth breathing - trichomonosis like lesions
81
Diagnosis of threadworm infection / crop capillariasis
- FEC
82
Problem with threadworm infection / crop capillariasis
- eggs very resistant in the environment
83
Tx of round and tapeworms
- flubendazole
84
Most common CS seen with round and tapeworms
- weight loss
85
Diagnosis of round and tapeworms
- FEC
86
Which species does histomoniasis mainly affect?
- turkeys
87
CS / PM findings of histomoniasis
- scour (sulphur yellow appearance) - multiple necrotising target like liver lesions - typhilitis (severe ulceration and/or necrotic cecal cores
88
Prevention of histomoniasis
- don't raise turkeys, grouse, quails with chickens
89
Which age group are most commonly affected by coccidia?
- young
90
CS of coccidia
- scour with blood present - decreased egg production - malaise - enteritis - ill-thrift - death
91
What is histomoniasis?
- protozoal infection - also known as blackhead disease - cause by Histomonas meleagridis
92
PM findings of coccidia
- thickened +/- dilatation of intestinal tract - haemorrhagic intestinal/caecal contents/caseous cores
93
What kind of disease is Mareks disease?
- lymph proliferative and neuropathic disease - cell associated herpesvirus - immunosuppressive
94
What is the acute form of Mareks disease?
- tumours of viscera, muscle, skin, peripheral nerves - multifocal lymphoma
95
What is the classic form of Mareks disease?
- paralysis of legs and wings and sometimes neck (torticollis) - lymphoid infiltration of peripheral nerves
96
Non-specific CS of Marek's disease?
- loss of BCS - immunosuppressions
97
What eye change is associated with Marek's disease?
- brown to grey colour change - decrease PLR if dz is in the eye
98
Is there a vaccine available for Marek's disease?
- yes for commercial flocks
99
Ages affected by Marek's disease?
- 8-20wks
100
How is Marek's disease spread?
- spread in feather dust - easily transmissible
101
Bacterial diseases affecting pet poultry
- e.coli - mycoplasma (/chronic respiratory disease) - salmonella - pasteurella
102
Spp of salmonella affecting pet poultry
- S, Pullorum - S. Gallinarium - S Typhimurium - S Enteritidis - S Heidelberg - S Kentucky
103
CS. of e.coli infection
Colisepticaemia – affecting multiple body systems – polyserositis Chicks – <1 week old – yolk sac infection – omphalitis/mushy chick disease – abnormal discolouration of yolk sac, non absorbed, bad small Airsacculitis – secondary to viral, mycoplasma or environmental (dust+/-ammonia) Egg peritonitis – egg yolk coelomitis, salpingitis, impaction Cellulitis Coligranuloma
104
Are mycoplasma infections common?
- yes
105
Mycoplasma spp causing chronic respiratory dz
- M. gallisepticum
106
Mycoplasma spp causing infectious synovitis
- M. synoviae
107
Mycoplasma spp causing venereal infection and airsacculitis
- M. meleagridis
108
Other name for pasteurella
- fowl cholera
109
CS of pasteurella
- death - swollen eyes, ears, wattles - septicaemia (fibrin in multiple body cavities)
110
CS / PM findings of aspergillosis
- open mouth breathing - yellow seed like granules of granulomatous inflammation in lungs
111
Ringworm pathogen
- microsporum gallinae
112
CS of ringworm
- small white chalky comb deposits
113
What are the multifactorial components of respiratory disease?
- Infectious: viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, fungal - AI, ND, Infectious laryngotrachetic, infectious bronchitis virus, Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Aspergillosis - Non-infectious: dust, ammonia - Environmental and host factors - Primary viral or mycoplasma associated respiratory disease can predispose to secondary bacterial infection
114
Infectious laryngotracheitis - what type of virus?
- acute herpes virus
115
Infectious laryngotracheitis - CS
- severe dyspnoea/gasping - blood stained mucus - death
116
Diagnosis of infectious laryngotracheitis
- histopathology
117
Problem with infectious laryngotracheitis
- asymptomatic carriers
118
Infectious coryza - what is it?
- acute, highly contagious bacterial disease - URT dz
119
CS of infectious coryza
- Severe nasal discharge - sinusitis - facial oedema - drop in egg production
120
Diagnosis of infectious coryza
- bacteriology
121
Diagnosis of mycoplasma
- serology/PCR
122
Infectious bronchitis - what is it?
- acute, highly contagious virus
123
Infectious bronchitis - morbidity & mortality
- high morbidity - low mortality
124
CS of infectious bronchitis
- decreased egg production and quality - renal damage
125
Diagnosis and control of infectious bronchitis
- vaccination of commercial flocks - RT-PCR
126
Chick diseases
- yolk sac infection - poor environment - fractures - mild lameness - d+ - poor thrive of incubated chicks
127
Why can poor environment cause disease in chicks?
- poor egg and incubator hygiene - prolonged egg storage before incubation - disease from adult birds e.g. mycoplasma, worm burdens
128
Cause of yolk sac infection (if death within 24h, if over 24h)
- dirty eggs in incubators if death within 24h/o - environmental infection if over 24h/o
129
Potential cause of mild lameness in chicks
- vitamin d deficiency
130
Cause of d+ in chicks
- coccidia
131
Prevention of poor thriving of incubated eggs
- warm area - soft bedding - 33C ambient temp - space to move away from heat lamp - max temp under lamb 42C
132
Non-infectious neoplasia
- sporadic - adenocarcinomas - PM diagnosis with histopath
133
Infectious neoplasia
- Marek's dz
134
Why does crop stasis / sour crop occur?
- failure to empty crop of feed -> fermentation + yeast and bacterial infections
135
Causes of crop stasis / sour crop
- overfeeding - poor hygiene - viral infections - FB - thickening of the crop wall (dilation of the crop, decreased BCS)
136
Tx of crop stasis / sour crop
- Local anaesthetic and drain to empty crop, flush with saline - Antibiotics and antifungals - Correct dehydration - Nursing care - Surgery may be required if can not be manually broken down

Y4 Farm - Miscellaneous (22 decks)

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