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2nd Sem - Midterm > BACTE-LEC MIDTERM PART 1 > Flashcards

BACTE-LEC MIDTERM PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Perferctly shaped spherical Gram (+) cocci approximatelt 0.5 to 1u diameter

A

Staphylococcus

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2
Q

Grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes (Greek word: staphylo)

A

Staphylococcus

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of pigments that Staphylococcus produce?

A

Golden yellow & white

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4
Q

It came from the word “aurora” which means “dawn”

A

aureus (Staphylococcus aureus)

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5
Q

What is the color that S. aureus produces?

A

golden yellow

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6
Q

What is the color that S. albus/epidermis produces?

A

White

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7
Q

This is the most common Staph spp present in the normal flora of the skin of humans

A

S. albus/S. epidermis

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8
Q

What are the habitat of S. aureus?

A

nasal passages, skin, oral
cavity and intestinal tract

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9
Q

What is the habitat of S. epidermis

A

Skin

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10
Q

It is the degree of pathogenecity

A

virulence

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11
Q

What are the 3 virulence factor of Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Surface proteins
  2. Factors that inhibit phagocytosis
  3. Protein toxins
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12
Q

This promote colonization of host tissues such as those that promote attachment to the host.

A

Surface Proteins

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of Surface proteins?

A
  1. Surface protein
  2. Fibrinogen
  3. Collagen/fibrin binding (clumping factor)
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14
Q

promote attachment to host proteins such as laminin and fibronectin that form part of the extracellular matrix

A

Surface proteins

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15
Q

present on epithelial and endothelial surfaces as well as component of blood clots

A

Fibronectin

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16
Q

promotes attachment to blood clots and traumatized tissues

A

Fibrinogen/Fibrin binding (clumping factor)

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17
Q

Infections associated with in-dwelling medical devices such as IV catheters, prosthetic joints, replacements heart valves)

A

Collagen-binding factor

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18
Q

Biomaterial implanted in human body becomes coated with complex mixtures of host proteins and platelets (fibrinogen is dominant component) -> adherence of S. aureus

A

Collagen-binding factor

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19
Q

In collagen-binding factor, it becomes predominant ligand promoting attachment of the Staphylococcus.

A

Fibronectin

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20
Q

surface polysaccharide of serotype 5 or 8

A

Capsular polysaccharide

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21
Q

Called microcapsule (also called slime layer) because it can be visualized only by electron microscopy after antibody labelling

A

Capsular Polysaccharide

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Encapsulated bacteria cannot be easily phagocytized.

A

True-lala

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23
Q

What are the factors for the capsule of a bacteria to be form when attached to the host?

A

blood/plasma/serum

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24
Q

which binds with IgG the wrong way by non-immune mechanism and disrupts opsonization and phagocytosis

A

Protein A surface protein of S. aureus

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25
toxin that specifically acts on polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Leukocidin
26
- Responsible for symptoms during infections - Membrane damaging toxins
Protein Toxins
27
What are the 6 types of protein toxins?
1. Alpha toxin 2. Beta toxin 3. Delta toxin 4. Gamma toxin 5. Superantigens 6. Epidermolytic (exfoliative) toxin
28
Best characterized and most potent membrane-damaging toxin; major virulence factor
Alpha-toxin
29
Binds to membrane of susceptible cells, its subunits oligomerize to form hexameric rings, a central pore thru which cellular contents leak
Alpha-toxin
30
_____ and ____ have high affinity to toxin
human platelets and monocytes
31
The secondary reaction causes the release of ___ and ___ which trigger the production of inflammatory mediators that produce the symptoms of septic shock.
Eicosanoids & Cytokines
32
It produces beta-toxin and has a double zone hemolysis which produces a clear surrounded by green color.
Alpha-toxin
33
This type of toxin produces Alpha-toxin and produces a clear zone hemolysis which indicates "complete hemolysis"
Beta-toxin
34
It is a type of Beta-toxin that damages membranes rich in this lipid. They can also be found in RBC causing hemolysis when isolated in BAP.
Beta-toxin
35
- Small peptide toxin produced by most strains of S. aureus. - A phospholipase which role in disease is not known
Delta-toxin
36
What are the two component toxin that damages membrane of susceptible cells present in Gamma-toxin.
Toxin and leukocidin
37
- Two-component toxin that damages membrane of susceptible cells. - Produced separately but act together to damage membranes.
Gamma-toxin
38
is an important factor in necrotizing skin lesions such as dermonecrosis when injected SC in rabbits
Panton and valentine (PV) leukocidin
39
- 6 serotypes A, B, C, D, E and G - Cause diarrhea and vomiting (staphylococcal food poisoning) - Can cause TSS - Affects the intestine
Enterotoxins
40
- Weakly related to enterotoxin and does not have emetic activity - Responsible for 75% of TSS including menstrual cases; tampon-related TSS not true infection. - Superantigens stimulate T-cells without normal antigenic recognition, results to release of cytokines in large amounts causing symptoms of TSS
TSST1 - Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin
41
- Causes scalded skin syndrome in neonates with widespread blistering and loss of epidermis - 2 forms: ETA and ETB - Protease activity - Possibly the toxin targets a specific protein involved in maintaining the integrity of the epidermis
Epidermolytic (Exfoliative) Toxin - ET
42
- Extracellular protein which binds with prothrombin in host to form staphylothrombin which causes the activation of the protease activity of thrombin resulting to conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and formation of clot in plasma - Traditional marker for identifying S. aureus
Coagulase
43
- Plasminogen activator - Complex formed between staphylokinase and plasminogen - Activates plasmin-like proteolytic activity which dissolves fibrin clot
Staphylokinase
44
These are the type of enzymes that provides nutrient for bacteria
Proteases, lipases, deoxyribonuclease (DNase)
45
Type of enzyme that is important in abscesses where it could modify antibacterial lipids and prolong bacterial survival
FAME - Fatty Acid Modifying Enzyme
46
hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid (cementing substance)
Hyaluronidase
47
- Most important coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) which is a commonly associated to the skin - Major cause of infections associated with prosthetic devices and catheters - Production of characteristic slime (biofilm)
Staphylococcus epidermis
48
TRUE OR FALSE: S. aures ferments mannitol but S. epidermis does not ferment mannitol.
True-lala
49
TRUE OR FALSE: S. aureus coagulase and catalase (+) while S. epidermidis coagulase (-) but catalase (+)
True-lala
50
Stump of spermatic cord after castration become infected, enlarged and sclerotic with pockets of pus containing granules similar to actinomycosis
Botryomycosis in horses
51
suppurative lesions in cattle, organisms colonize tips of teats
Mastitis
52
- Acute septicemia or bactermia along with toxemia kills lamb - Ixodes ricinus
Tick pyemia in lambs
53
Bumblefoot in turkey
Purulent synovitis in poultry
54
Exudative dermatitis in rabbits and subcutaneous abscesses in older animals
Cutaneous staphylococcosis
55
Opportunistic invader
S. epidermidis
56
Most prevalent in dogs and carnivores
S. intermedius
57
- Exudative epidermitis of swine - Thru breaks on the skin - Moist, greasy exudate on entire body of animal - Biotin requirement
hyicus subsp. hyicus
58
What are the 5 methods to diagnose the Staphylococcus?
1. Smears 2. Culture on BAP 3. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) 4. Coagulase 5. Deoxyribonuclease
59
TRUE OR FALSE: These is no effective vaccine for Staphylococcus
True-lala
60
Staphylococcus is resistance to these 2 types of drug (antimicrobial resistance)
1. Beta lactamase 2. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or multiple-drug resistant
61
- Gram (+), non-motile, non-spore forming coccus in pairs or chains, capsulated - Individual cells are round to ovoid, 0.6-1.0 um in diameter - lacks flagella
Streptococcus
62
Coccus means _____
Chains
63
- Catalase (-) facultative anaerobe - Habitat: saprophytes in milk, parasites of mucous membranes and intestines
Streptococcus
64
What are the 2 classifications of streptococcus?
1. Sherman 2. Lancefield
65
What kind of classification system is this: Pyogenic – pathogenic species b. Viridans – a/green hemolysis c. Lactic – associated with milk d. Enterococcus - Intestinal
Sherman Classification
66
- Serologically active carbohydrate (C substance) which is antigenically different from one species to another - Six groups – A,B,C,D,E, and N - Add 14 – F, G, H, K, L, M, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V - CHO or polysaccharide Ag found in cell wall or between the cell wall and cell membrane teichoic)
Lancefield Classification
67
Streptococcus, more fastidious organisms require enrichment with ____ and ___
Blood and serum
68
This interferes with phagocytosis
Hyaluronic acid capsule
69
Type-specific immunity, inhibits phagocytosis immunotoxic effect on polymorphs and platelets
Protein M which responsible for virulence
70
Responsible for attachment of streptococci to epithelial cells
Lipoteichoic acid in hair-like fimbrae
71
What are the extracellular proucts of streptococcus?
1. Hemolysins 2. Streptokinase 3. Dnases A, B, C, D 4. Hyaluronidase 5. Erythrogenic toxin (A, B, C) 6. NADases 7. Proteinase
72
_____ and ____ are responsible for beta hemolysis
Streptolysisn O and Streptolysins S
73
- Antibodies to ___ are good indicator of present or past infections. - They are oxygen sensitive - Toxic for neutrophils and macrophages - A protein, elicits neutralizing antibodies
Streptolysin O
74

2nd Sem - Midterm (14 decks)

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