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Microbiology: Exam 3 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

under what domain is bacteria under?

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

how is bacteria classified?

A

-classified by their bacterial wall as -/+ give rise to a few phyla

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3
Q

gram negative proteobacteria:
phylum? classification?
class?

A

phylum: Proetobacteria
-gram-negative, chemoheterotrophs, many classes (sigma, beta, alpha)

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4
Q

current prokaryotic classification

A

-domain: archaea (4)
-phyla: NECK
-Crenarchaeota
-Euryarchaeota
-Nanoarcheota
-Korarchaeota

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5
Q

current prokaryotic taxonomy:

A

Actinobacteria: High G + C
Firmicutes: class: bacilli, clostridia/ low G + C, G+
Tenericutes: class: Mycoplasma, Low G + C, no wall

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6
Q

how is bacteria classified?

A

-deeply branching
-low G + C content
-high G + C content
-gram-negative Proteobacteria
-other gram-negative bacteria

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7
Q

Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria:
what is deeply branching? two examples?

A

deeply branching:
-similar to earliest bacteria: Autotrophic, Live in habitats similar to those thought to exist on early Earth (Hot, Acidic, Anaerobic, High UV)
-Phylum: Aquificae
-Class: Aquifex
-Phylum: Deinococcus-Thermus
-Class: Deinococci (very resistant to radiation)

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8
Q

Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria:
what is phototrophic bacteria and examples?

A

-autotrophic that contain photosynthetic lamellae
-Classified based on pigments and source of electrons for photosynthesis
-P. + C. : Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria)
-P. Chlorobi + C. Chlorobia (green sulfur bacteria)
-P. + C. Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria)
-P. Proteobacteria:
– C. gamma (purple sulfur bacteria) and alpha (purple nonsulfur bacteria) proteobacteria

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9
Q

Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria:
what is blue-green bacteria?
gram?
increase in?
reproduces?
take what into what?
transformed?
few?

A

aka: Cyanobacteria
- G-
-increase in morphology variation
-Binary Fission
-Chlorophyll → Oxygenic
-Transformed early earth atmosphere
-Few N-fixers: Heterocysts

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10
Q

Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria:
what is green and purple bacteria?

A

-Bacteriochlorophyll → Anoxygenic (makes other substances than oxygen)
Green vs. Purple
– Green Sulfur – releases sulfur
– Purple Sulfur– keep sulfur
-Proteobacteria (purple)

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11
Q

examples of low and high G + C

A

low G + C: (low DNA bases of G and C)
-Phylum: Firmicutes
-Phylum: Tenericutes: Mycoplasma (no cell walls aka pleomorphic, organelle tip)
high G + C:
-Phylum: Actinobacteria

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12
Q

clostridium:

A

-C. tetani –> Tetanus
– C. perfringens —> diarrhea
– C. botulinum —> weakness of muscles
– C. difficile —> diarrhea
– Veillonella spp –> oral infection
-Gram Positive
-Rod-shaped
-Obligate anaerobes
-Endospore-capable
-Impact: Medical, Industrial, Survival (Harsh conditions, Disinfection)

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13
Q

what is mycoplasma?

A

-No cell walls: like Pleomorphic which has an organelle tip
-Smallest free-living cells
-Facultative/Obligate anaerobes
-Impact: Medical for Pneumonia + UTIs
M. pneumoniae

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14
Q

what is Listeria monocytogenes? (low G + C)

A

under low G + C Bacilli
-Hypothermic-resistant: Milk + meat
– Infants + Immunocompromised
B. anthracis

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15
Q

Prokaryotic phyla (14)

A

Actinobacteria
Aquificae: Class: Aquificae
Bacteroidetes
Chlamydiae
Chlorobi
Chloroflexi
Cyanobacteria: Class: Cyanobacteria
Deinococcus-Thermus
Firmicutes: Bacilli/Clostridia
Fusobacteria
Planctomycetes
Proteobacteria: Class: alpha, beta, sigma, delta, epsilon
Spirochaetes
Tenericutes: Class: Mycoplasma

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16
Q

low G + C Bacilli

A

-Lactobacillus spp: Mucosal surfaces, Symbiosis + Microbial antagonism, Food industry
-Streptococcus
-Enterococcus: Pathogenic, MDR

17
Q

low G + C cocci

A

-Streptococcus
-Enterococcus: Pathogenic, MDR
-Staphylococcus aureus: Skincolonizing, Opportunistic

18
Q

high G + C bacteria:

A

-P. Actinobacterium: Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Actinomycetes (Actinomyces, Norcardia, Streptomyces)

19
Q

Corynebacterium: high G + C
-shape?
-respire?
replication?
characteristic?
rep?

A

-Pleomorphic (variation of size, shape or nuclei)
-Facultative anaerobes/Aerobes
-Snapping division: Palisades
-Phosphate inclusions: Metachromatic granules
-Reps: C.diphtheriae

20
Q

Mycobacterium: high G + C
structure?
growth?
reps?

A

-Rod-shaped (slight curvature)
-Aerobic
-Slow-growth: Cell wall has Mycolic acid, Desiccation resistant and stain-resistant (Acid-fast stain)
-Reps: M.tuberculosis, M.leprae (Unculturable)

21
Q

Actinomycetes:
ANS

A

-Filamentous
-Spore-forming: Non-reproductive
-Classes:
Actinomyces (Non-spore forming, Facultative anaerobe, A. israelii)
-Nocardia (Water/Soil aerobes, Biodegraders)
– Streptomyces (Ecological impact: Cellulose, latex, PCBs, pesticides)
-Medical generators (CAM, ERY, TET)

22
Q

gram-negative proteobacteria:

A

-Largest and most diverse group of bacteria
-Gram-Negative
-Chemoheterotrophs
-Classes: αβγδε
-nitrogen fixers, purple non-sulfur

23
Q

alphaproteobacteria:

A

-low nutrient survivors
-Many have prosthecae: Attachment, Increase surface area for nutrient absorption
-Industrial Application

24
Q

alphaproteobacteria: nitrogen fixers (4)

A

– Growth associated with plant roots
– N2→NH3 (fixed)
-Azospirillum
-Rhizobium

24
Q

alphaproteobacteria: nitrogen fixers

A

– Growth associated with plant roots
– N2→NH3 (fixed)
-Azospirillum: Tropical grass roots, Increase root hair
-Rhizobium: Leguminous roots (Induce root nodules), Growth stimulant

25
Q

Alphaproteobacteria: Nitrifying (CNN)

A

Chemoautotrophs
– Nitrification from Agriculture
-Nitrobacter

26
Q

Alphaproteobacteria: purple nonsulfur phototrophs (PUR)

A

-Phototrophs: Anoxygenic
-Upper layer of mud: Ponds, Lakes
* Rhodospirillum rubrum

27
Q

Alphaproteobacteria: Pathogenic

A

Rickettsia spp.
Bartonella spp.
Brucella spp.

28
Q

Alphaproteobacteria: Other

A

-Acetobacter
-Gluconobacter
-Caulobacter
-Agrobacterium

29
Q

Betaproteobacteria

A

apart of phylum Proteobacteria
-Pathogenic
-Genera: Neisseria (Diplococcus, Mucosa-colonizing), Bordetella (Pertussis/Whooping Cough), Burkholderia (Organic recycler, Pneumonia @ CF)

30
Q

Gammaproteobacteria

A

-Largest groups of proteobacteria
-Purple Sulfur bacteria
-Intracellular Pathogens: G.Legionella (Legionnaire’s disease), G.Coxiella (Query fever)
-Methane Oxidizers: Methane as a carbon and energy source, Live above anaerobic methanogens like G.Methylococcus
-Glycolytic Facultative Anaerobes: 3 Families: Enterobactericeae, Vibrionaceae, Pasteurellaceae
-Pseudomonads (Gram-negative rods, motile with polar flagella)

31
Q

Deltaproteobacteria

A

-smallest group
-Desulfovibrio
-Bdellovibrio
-Myxobacteria

32
Q

Epsilonproteobacteria
morphology?
2 species and their causes

A

-Rods, vibrios, or spirals
-Campylobacter: Blood poisoning
-Helicobacter: Ulcers

33
Q

other G-Bacteria

A

9 Phyla
* 3 of ecological or medical concern
– Chlamydias – Spirochetes – Bacteroids

34
Q

chlamydias: gram-negative proteobacteria
shape?
no?
intracellular requirements?
medical impact?

A

-Cocci: smaller than viruses
-No peptidoglycan
-Intracellular requirements: Rickettsias
-Medical impact: Neonatal blindness, Pneumonia, Lymphogranuloma venereum

35
Q

spirochetes: gram-negative proteobacteria:
diverse?
2 species and diseases

A

-Diverse habitats and metabolism
-G. Treponema (Syphilis)
-G. Borrelia (Lyme disease)

36
Q

bacteroids: gram-negative proteobacteria

A

-Obligate anaerobic
-Rod-shaped
-Catabolize complex carbs: Digestive tracts of mammals

Microbiology: Exam 3 (8 decks)

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