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Microbiology: Exam 3 > F.2 > Flashcards

F.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Life Characteristics (5)

A
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • Responsiveness
  • Control
  • Organizational & Structural similarities: Genome + Barrier 4
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2
Q

is a virus alive? what does it do and doesn’t do?

A

no it is not alive:
-Does not respire
-Does not display irritability
-Does not grow*
-Does reproduce
-Adapt to new hosts

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3
Q

what does “bottom up” mean?

A

-simplest form capable of displaying the most essential attributes of an organism
* Replication + Adaptation

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4
Q

new definition of an organism

A

the unit element of a continuous lineage with an individual evolutionary history

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5
Q

life dependence of virus

A

-Cannot carry out metabolic activity
-Cannot reproduce independently
-No membrane bound organelles
-No lipid membrane*
-Do not grow in size or respond to direct environment
-Do not follow the Central Dogma

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6
Q

Typical Virus are:

A

-Sub-Microscopic
-Acellular (No organelles)
-Nucleic Acid content (Amount/Type)
-Barrier (Capsid enclosure)
-Infectious
-Intra- & Extra-cellular states
-Virus/Virion

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7
Q

states of viruses:

A

Extracellular (Virion):
* Possess a protein coat [capsid]: Capsid + Genome = Nucleocapsid
* Recognition for host: Infectious stage
* May possess a phospholipid cover [envelope]
Intracellular (Virus):
* No capsid present
* Replication stage

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8
Q

taxa for viruses

A

-Order (-virales): highest currently recognized.
-Family (-viridae)
-Subfamily (-virinae)
» Genus (-virus)
* Species/Specific epithet (e.g.: hanta virus)

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9
Q

taxonomic criteria for virus
GHP

A
  1. Genome Structure
  2. Host Organism(s)
  3. Particle Morphology
    * Disease symptoms, antigenicity, protein profile, host range, etc. (familial if not generic level)
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10
Q

viral genome options:
content?
strand?
how many?
arrangement?
decodability?

A

-DNA or RNA (never both*): Content is low
-Single-stranded (ss) or Double-stranded (ds)
-Multiple vs. Single
-Arrangement: Linear Molecules, Circular Molecules
-Decodability: Positive Sense, Negative Sense

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11
Q

viral genome: decodability

A

Sense:
* Positive: Direct production of protein
Negative:
* Additional steps required to produce protein
* Usually complementary to template strand

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12
Q

what can viruses infect?

A

-all cellular organisms can be infected: all 5 kingdoms (all 3 domains)
-infection is based on complementarity: surface antigens (proteins, glycoproteins)

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13
Q

Virus families infecting two kingdoms of organisms are

A

-Bunyaviridae (animals and plants)
-Partitiviridae (plants and fungi)
-Reoviridae (animals and plants)
-Rhabdoviridae (animals and plants)
-Phycodnaviridae (protozoa and plants)
-Picornaviridae (plants and animals - tentative)
-Totiviridae (protozoa, fungi and insects- tentative)

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14
Q

viral morphology:

A

-Average bacterial range: 1-4μm, Visualized via Light Microscopy
-Viral size: 10nm («400nm)

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15
Q

capsid are:

A

-Virus/Virion: Nucleic Acid, Protein Coat (Capsid)
-Capsid:-
-Repetitive units of one or few proteins: Capsomeres
-Functions: Structural (Enclosure), Enzymatic
-Helical/Tube
-Spherical/Polyhedral
-Complex
-Binal (Phage)

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16
Q

envelope of virus

A

-Viral Membranes: Similar composition to cellular membrane “Enveloped viruses”
-Host-acquired: With (Enveloped), Without (Non-
enveloped or Naked)
-Viral protection mechanism

17
Q

viral types (order)

A

-Ligamenvirales: infecting archaea
-Caudovirales: dsDNA bacteriophages
-Herpesvirales: large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses
-Ligamenvirales: dsDNA archaean viruses
-Mononegavirales: nonsegmented (-) strand ssRNA plant and animal viruses
-Nidovirales: (+) strand ssRNA viruses with vertebrate hosts
-Picornavirales: small (+) strand ssRNA viruses that infect a variety of plant, insect and animal hosts
-Tymovirales: (+) ssRNA viruses that infect plants

18
Q

basic stages of virus

A
  1. Attachment: Locate and stick
  2. Entry: Getting in
  3. Synthesis: Making pieces
  4. Assembly: Putting it together
  5. Lysis: Getting out
19
Q

lytic replication: prokaryotes

A

-Depend on hosts for life cycle:
* Enzymatic reaction: Ribosomal protein production, Replication mechanisms
-5 Characteristic steps:
* Attachment
* Entry
* Synthesis
* Assembly
* Lysis

20
Q

bacteriophages: attachment

A

-Random collision of bacterium and phage
-Attraction between phage “tail fibers” and
proteins on bacterium: Cell wall, Flagellum, Pilus

21
Q

bacteriophages: entry

A

-Overcoming of cell wall and membrane
-Penetration via:
* Perforation: Digestive enzymes (Lysozyme)
* Injection: Hollow tube
* Host override: Enzymes halt host metabolism

22
Q

bacteriophages: entry expanded

A

Getting in:
-Variation on host type (Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic)
-Capsid morphology: Naked, Enveloped
Methods:
*Direct Penetration: Naked viruses, Perforation on cell barriers
*Membrane Fusion: Enveloped, Membrane layer
interaction
*Endocytosis: Enveloped, Host-cell eating triggered (Uncoating)

23
Q

bacteriophages: synthesis

A

Overcoming of bacterial system:
*Entry of viral blueprint: DNA or RNA
*Entry of viral enzymes: Lysozyme destroys bacterial system, Polymerases replicate genome
*Bacterial system forced to produce viral system: Genome, Components

24
Q

bacteriophages synthesis explained

A

Expression:
*Entry: Genetic Material, Accessory proteins
* Blueprint: May create needed proteins, Serves as template
*Proteins: May adapt genetic material, Replicate genetic material, Support in integration into host genome
Replication:
*Genetic material copied
*Genetic material adapted for copying
*Cell-type variation:
* Eukaryotes: Nuclear transcription & Assembly, Cytosolic Translation
*Prokaryotes: All cytosolic

25
Q

bacteriophages: release

A

-Completion of destruction of cell wall and membrane by lysozyme
-Bacterium is destroyed: Lysed or Eaten (BacterioPHAGE)
-Cycle:
-Time from Attachment to Release. (Burst time)
-Quantity: Burst size

26
Q

specialized replication: lysogeny
-what is it?
-when?
no? instead?
-suppresses?
-interpretation into?
resuming of?

A

-Modification of replication in bacteria
-Post-entry
-No-synthesis → Prophage (Dormant/inactive)
-Suppression of other viral genes
-Integration into bacterial genome: Bacterial replication multiplication, Possible bacterial modification (New Toxic bacteria:Cholera, Diphtheria, Rheumatic fever)
-Resuming of viral cycle: Induction

27
Q

eukaryotic viruses
similar?
variations (NVT)

A

-Similar steps
-Variations:
* No cell wall
* Viruses with envelopes
* Types of genetic material

28
Q

eukaryotic viruses: assembly and release and budding

A

-Similar Assembly methods: Nuclear or Cytosolic
-Release: By Budding With Envelope or Without Envelope
-By Lysis: ~Lytic Cycle

29
Q

eukaryotic viruses:
what is it?
what is latency?
what is lysogeny aka?
vs?
possible?

A

-Nutritional and biosynthetic requirements for cells are the same for a virus and its host
*Latency: When a virus is present in the body but exists in a resting (latent) state without producing more virus
~ lysogeny (known as temperate phage or prophage)
-Provirus vs. prophage
-Possible permanent integration into genome vs. guaranteed prophage integration (Lack of induction)

30
Q

oncogenesis: cancer review
what is it?
recall?
genes involved in? are?
what may disrupt genetic control?

A

-Abnormal Cell Division
-Recall: Mitosis & Meiosis (Neoplasia/Tumorigenesis), Under genetic control (Activators / Repressors)
-Genes involved in control of division: Protooncogenes, Oncogenes, TSGs
-Viral lysogeny/latency may disrupt genetic control

31
Q

parasite needs:

A

-Hosts: Standardized cells optimized for viral
replication
-Media types: Mature organisms, Fertilized eggs, Tissue culture
-Mature organisms: Living (Bacterial lawns, Plants and Animals)
-Eggs: Embryonated eggs (Large contained, sterile cells, self-sustained)
-Tissue Culture: Primary, Stable

32
Q

further exceptions to the dogma: viroids + prions

A

Smaller RNA pieces:
*Viroids: Non-capsid, Circular RNA, Extremely small, Infectious particles, Found in plants
*Viroid-like agents: Same idea, Found in fungi
Infectious proteins:
* Prions: Nucleic acid-independent reproductive proteins, Protein based, Protein-reshaping, Genetic predisposition, Heat-resistant
*Neurological disorders (TSE): BSE, Scrapie, Kuru, CJD, CWD

Microbiology: Exam 3 (8 decks)

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