Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

T/F? Prokaryotes are a valid taxon.,

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Bacteria and archaea don;t have nucleu or other membrane-bounced organelles. This character state is (autapomorphic, synapomorphic, or symplesiomorphic).

Answer 2

Symplesiomorphic.

Question 3

Staphylococcus means ___?

Answer 3

Cluster of spherical cells.

Question 4

Which of these structures is not used for cell adhesion? Flagella, Fimbriae, Capsule.

Answer 4

Flagella

Question 5

Match the mode of horizontal gene transfer to its definition:
Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation
Cell to cell via pili, Virus-mediated, Environmental

Answer 5

Transduction - Virus-mediated
Conjugation - Cell to cell via pili
Transformation - Environmental

Question 6

What does pathogenic mean?

Answer 6

Disease causing.

Question 7

What does free living mean?

Answer 7

Not associated with a host.

Question 8

What does symbiotic mean?

Answer 8

Associated with a host.

Question 9

What does biofilm mean?

Answer 9

Part of a colony in a gooey matrix.

Question 10

What does decomposer mean?

Answer 10

Possessing hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 11

What is a photoheterotroph?

Answer 11

Produces energy from sunlight, but requires fixed carbon for building molecules.

Question 12

What is a chemoautotroph?

Answer 12

Derives energy for carbon fixation from chemical sources, such as ammonia or hydrogen gas.

Question 13

What is a photoautotroph?

Answer 13

Uses sunlight for energy and carbon fixation.

Question 14

What is a chemohererotroph?

Answer 14

Using fixed carbon for energy and building material.

Question 15

Is a virus alive?,

Answer 15

No.

Question 16

Do viruses have organelles, cytoplasm, or ribosomes?

Answer 16

No.

Question 17

What aspects of living organisms do viruses have?

Answer 17

Order and organization, reproduction, and evolutionary adaptation.

Question 18

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 18

A cellular organism that lacks a nucleus. It has no membrane bound organelles, no cytoskeleton, and no mitochondria/chloroplasts.

Question 19

What is the best for difining clades?

Answer 19

Synapomorphies.

Question 20

Do prokaryotes share ancestral characteristics?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Are prokaryotes recognized as a biological taxa?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Who is Carl Woese?

Answer 22

He proposed splitting the “monera” kingdom into Bacteria and Archaea.

Question 23

Why did he want to split the kingdom?

Answer 23

Because when comparing RNA sequences, they showed huge differences.

Question 24

What type of environment are archaea found in?

Answer 24

Extreme environments. (pH, salt, heat).

Question 25

What kind of clade to archaea and eukarya create?

Answer 25

Monophyletic.

Question 26

What are some shared ancestral characteristics (symplesiomorphies) in prokaryotes?

Answer 26

No nuclei, very small cell, unicellular or colonial, and morphology terms.

Question 27

What are the three shapes for cells?

Answer 27

Spherical, rod shape, or spiral.

Question 28

What does coccus(-i) mean?

Answer 28

Spherical

Question 29

What does spirillum(-a) mean?

Answer 29

Spiral

Question 30

What does bacillus(-i) mean?

Answer 30

Rod shape

Question 31

What does staphylo mean?

Answer 31

Cluster

Question 32

Whar does strepto mean?

Answer 32

Twisted

Question 33

What are plasmids?

Answer 33

Small loops of DNA with genes.

Question 34

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 34

Movement of genes through cells that are not direct decendents of each other.

Question 35

How to bacteria reproduce?

Answer 35

Binary fission

Question 36

What are the types of horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 36

Transformation, configuration, and transduction.

Question 37

What is transformation?

Answer 37

From plasmids in the environment.

Question 38

What is configuration?

Answer 38

From plasmids via pili.

Question 39

What is transduction?

Answer 39

Virus mediated gene transfer.

Question 40

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

What is peptidoglycan?

Answer 41

Coating on bacteria cell walls.

Question 42

What is pseudopeptidoglycan?

Answer 42

Coating on archaea cell walls.

Question 43

What is gram staining?

Answer 43

A way to tell a difference between bacteria and archaea. Determines the structure of the outer layer.

Question 44

What color does gram positive turn?

Answer 44

Purple

Question 45

What color does gram negative turn?

Answer 45

Pinkish

Question 46

What is a capsule?

Answer 46

Outermost gooey layer of a bacteria cell wall. It allows it to adhere to a host.

Question 47

What is fimbriae?

Answer 47

"Velcro" shafts on the outer layer. Also help adhere to host.

Question 48

What are pilus?

Answer 48

Hollow cylinders that transfer plasmids by conjugation. "Bacterial sex"

Question 49

What are flagellum(-a)

Answer 49

They are extra tails used for cell movement. Powered by motor proteins.

Question 50

What is taxis?

Answer 50

Stimulus that prokaryotic cells move towards.

Question 51

What is positive taxis?

Answer 51

Moving towards something such as light (phototaxis).

Question 52

What is negative taxis?

Answer 52

Moving away from stimulus like chemical signals (chemotaxis).

Question 53

What are endospores?

Answer 53

Metabolically inactive. They are responses to environmental change, aka suit of armor hibernating.

Question 54

Are prokaryotes or eukaryotes more metabolically diverse?

Answer 54

Prokaryotes

Question 55

What does heterotrophic mean?

Answer 55

Requires another organism to provide energy in carbon to produce biomass. (Humans and animals).

Question 56

What does autotrophic mean?

Answer 56

Self feeding. Producing energy and biomass with no other organisms. (Plants).

Question 57

What is photoautotrophic?

Answer 57

Self feeders due to a process called photosynthesis. Metabolize CO2 for a carbon source.

Question 58

What is photoheterotrophic?

Answer 58

Not self feeders, but metabolize fatty acids. The byproducts of other organisms for their carbon source and obtain their energy from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis

Question 59

What is chemoautotrophic?

Answer 59

species are self feeders and strip electrons H2 from CO2 and other organic compounds.

Question 60

What is chemoheterotrophic?

Answer 60

species are not self feeders and are either saprobes or parasites. This group makes up the group of decomposers at least in part.

Question 61

What are mixotrophes?

Answer 61

Using a combination of sources.

Question 62

What are the two main types of oxygen relationships?

Answer 62

Anaerobic and Aerobic

Question 63

What is facultative?

Answer 63

Bacteria that can grow in or out of the presence of oxygen.

Question 64

Whar is obligate?

Answer 64

Bacteria that can't grow in the presence of oxygen.

Question 65

Do archaea cause disease?

Answer 65

No, bacteria do.

Question 66

What does pathogenic mean?

Answer 66

Disease causing.

Question 67

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 67

That eukaryotes have mitochondria and chloroplasts, which were believed to once be free living bacteria.

Question 68

What was mitochondria called?

Answer 68

Alphaproteobacteria

Question 69

What was chloroplast called?

Answer 69

Cyanobacteria

Question 70

What is metagenomic processing?

Answer 70

Taking samples from unique habitats to examine bio-diversity and discovering things like antibiotics.

Question 71

Are prokaryotes paraphyletic?

Answer 71

Yes

Question 72

What are extremophiles?

Answer 72

Habitats in the most extreme conditions.

Question 73

What are methanogens?

Answer 73

Least oxygen tolerant. Make CH4 as a metabolic waste product.

Question 74

What are the 4 kingdoms of archaea?

Answer 74

Euryarcheota, crenarcheota, korarcheota, and nanarcheota.

Question 75

Describe Euarcheota

Answer 75

Broad catagory, includes methanogens.

Question 76

Describe Crenarcheota

Answer 76

Spring body water. Thermophiles

Question 77

Describe Korarcheota

Answer 77

Young man. Found in hot springs

Question 78

Describe Nanarcheota

Answer 78

Dwarf. Parasitic on crenarcheota.

Question 79

Describe the domain Bacteria

Answer 79

Many kingdoms (up to 17). Eubacteria kingdom (simple cells with rigid walls).