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Anatomy > Bacteria, Viruses, 1st & 2nd Lines of Defense > Flashcards

Bacteria, Viruses, 1st & 2nd Lines of Defense Flashcards

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1
Q

Play quizzizzes

A
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2
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Step 1: Attachment- A virus attaches to the surface of a host cell
Step 2: Penetration- the virus is taken into the cell
Step 3: Biosynthesis- viral parts are made
Step 4: Assembly- viral parts are put together
Step 5: Release- viruses leave host cell to infect new cells

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3
Q

What do viruses need to reproduce?

A

A host cell

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4
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

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5
Q

Is a virus considered living or non-living?

A

Non-living

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6
Q

What do viruses have in common with living cells?

A

They both store genetic information

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7
Q

What is the difference between a lytic and lysogenic infection?

A

Lysogenic viruses can stay dormant for a long time inside the cells before becoming active and causing harm

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8
Q

Main function of spikes on outside of virus

A

Help with attachment to host cell

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9
Q

Characteristics of viruses that make them non-living

A
  • They cannot reproduce on their own. They need a host cell
  • They are not made of cells
  • They cannot make proteins
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10
Q

Lysing

A

Exploding or bursting

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11
Q

Which virus life cycle allows the virus to combine DNA producing half viral DNA and half host cell DNA?

A

Lysogenic

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12
Q

Host

A

Cell that the virus invades and takes over

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13
Q

Be able to label all parts of a bacteriophage: capsid, nucleic acid, whiskers, collar, tail, baseplate

A
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14
Q

Capsid

A

Protein capsule that houses and protects the genetic material(RNA/DNA)

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15
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease causing microorganism, such as viruses, bacteria, etc.

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16
Q

Bacteria, virus or both virus and bacteria:
- Can be treated with antibiotics
- Can undergo binary fission
- Causes disease
- Single-cell organisms
- Contains ribosomes
- Does not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
- Contains a nucleoid region made of DNA
- Are larger in size

A
  • Bacteria
  • Bacteria
  • Virus and bacteria
  • Bacteria
  • Bacteria
  • Both virus and bacteria
  • Bacteria
  • Bacteria
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17
Q

Antibodies(aka immunoglobulins)

A

Specialized and specific proteins that allow the immune system to distinguish between its own proteins which helps protect the body from harm and helps let the macrophages know which proteins need to be destroyed

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18
Q

Serum

A

The watery fluid remaining in a blood sample after the red and white blood cells are removed

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19
Q

Why would an ELISA for HIV test for the antibody but not the virus itself?

A

This is because the HIV hides in the cells

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20
Q

How are viruses sort of parasitic?

A

They bring very little with them and steal whatever they need from the host cell

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21
Q

Which immune system cell does HIV infect?

A

T Helper cell

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22
Q

What happens to a T Helper cell after infected with HIV?

A

It becomes an HIV replicating cell

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23
Q

What does HIV do to the cells once it’s inside your body?

A

It will slowly kill your immune system cells until the person develops AIDS and then you will have basically no immune system and die from a secondary infection.

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24
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus

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25
Protease
Enzyme that assembles the virus during infection
26
Integrase
Enzyme that integrates virus DNA into host DNA
27
Bacteriophage
A virus that only infects bacteria
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What are three things that all viruses have?
1- Nucleic acid(DNA or RNA) 2- Capsid 3- Envelope- Lipid bilayer
29
Retrovirus
A virus that uses reverse transcriptase
30
Reverse transcriptase
An enzyme that does transcription but "backward". It goes from RNA to DNA First the transcriptase goes from RNA to a single strand of DNA, then a second strand of DNA after the RNA breaks down
31
AIDS
It is the "second stage" of HIV HIV will always turn into AIDS and then kill the human that is infected
32
Talk about virus specificity
Viruses can only attack certain cell types. The ends of a virus have to attach to a specific receptor. It is like puzzle pieces
33
How is HIV spread?
Through bodily fluids - Blood - Sharing Needles - Breast Milk
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Stages of HIV
1- Primary- Mild symptoms, feels like the flu 2- Asymptomatic- Around 10 years, no symptoms, 3- Symptomatic- Immune system is deteriorating, secondary infections start to appear 4- AIDS
35
Why is lysing bad for a cell?
Because the cell cannot survive without its cell membrane
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Pandemic
An outbreak that occurs over a large geographic area
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Epidemic
An outbreak that stays within one region
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Macrophage
Digests viruses and infected cells; Big eater that is non-specific and eats any foreign invaders
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Why do we need a new flu shot every year?
Because viruses can mutate and your cells will not recognize them as bad initially
40
Phagocytosis
When a white blood cell digests another particle and gets rid of it and most likely because it's bad
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Prokaryote
Unicellular organism without a nucleus
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Pilli
Helps bacteria stick to surfaces or cells
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Flagella
Helps bacteria move within their environment
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Ribosomes
Make proteins for the cell
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Cell membrane
Regulates what comes in and out of the cell
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Plasmid
Used in sexual reproduction
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MRSA
A bacteria resistant to antibiotics. This infection can spread to the blood and cause sepsis.
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IgM
First type of antibody produced in an immune response
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IgG
Second type of antibody produced in an immune response that follows shortly after IgM
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Resistant
When antibiotics no longer work and the bacteria lives
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Susceptible
The bacteria is killed and the antibiotics work
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Antiseptics
WE CANNOT CONSUME They dehydrate things and kill bacteria
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Antibiotics
WE CAN CONSUME Kills bacteria
54
Zone of inhibition
The area near the antibiotic disk where no bacteria grows
55
Why does the cell membrane lyse?
Because the cell makes too many copies of the virus
56
What are the antigens?
A, B, D(positive)
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Agglutination
Clumps for blood- blod clots for pathogens- clumps pathogens into large groups making it easier for phagocytes to eat
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Universal recipient
AB positive
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Universal donor
O negative
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If you had A- blood which antigens and antibodies would you have?
You would have the A antigen, and antibody-B and antibody D Because
61
Which nucleic acid does HIV have?
RNA
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Lysosome
A normal cell part that contains digestive enzymes. In the second line of defense
63
Phagosome
A vesicle that contains the foreign invaders after the macrophage has ingested it. In the second line of defense
64
How do you know what blood types can receive from which? Ex: A+
They can receive from anything except their antibodies Ex: A+ has a B antibody only meaning A+ can receive from anything except any blood types with a B in it
65
Interferons and Interleukins
Important in second line of defense to stop a virus from replicating itself
66
How do you know what blood types can donate from which? Ex: A+
It will be the ones with the same antigens Ex: A positive and AB positive because they both have A and D antigens
67
What is the difference in HIV/all retrovirus life cycles?
They use reverse transcriptase. They go from RNA to DNA.
68
Central Dogma of Biology
DNA goes through transcription then translation to create RNA

Anatomy (14 decks)

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