Barron's Flashcards
(253 cards)
1
Q
logging
A
logging (n.) : the cutting down of trees for commercial use
● درخت‌بری و الوار سازی،درخت اندازی،بهره برداری از جنگل
log [log]
♦ noun
1 a thick piece of unshaped wood: The trees were sawn into logs and taken to the sawmill.
کنده
2 a logbook: The captain of the ship entered the details in the log.
دفتر گزارش
♦ verb– past tense, past participle logged –
to write down or record in a logbook (especially the distance covered during a journey).
ثبت کردن در دفتر گزارش
ˈlogbook
♦ noun
an official record of the journey of a ship or aeroplane: All the details of the flight were entered in the logbook.
دفتر گزارش روزانه
2
Q
array
A
array(n.) : a large number; a collection
array [əˈrei]
1 things, people etc arranged in some order: an impressive array of fabrics.
آرایش؛ نمایش پر جلوه
2 clothes: in fine array.
چیدمان؛ نظم
♦ verb 1 to put (things, people etc ) in some order for show etc : goods arrayed on the counter. چیدن؛ به صف درآوردن 2 to dress (oneself) eg in fine clothes. جامه زیبا پوشاندن؛ آراستن
3
Q
environment
A
environment(n.) : the natural world
environment [inˈvaiərənmənt]
♦ noun
(a set of) surrounding conditions, especially those influencing development or growth: An unhappy home environment may drive a teenager to crime; We should protect the environment from destruction by modern chemicals etc.
محیط
enˌvironˈmental [-ˈmen-]
♦ adjective
محیطی؛ وابسته به محیط
environˈmentalist
♦ noun
a person who wants to stop the damage being done to the environment by humans.
طرفدار حفظ محیط زیست
4
Q
habitat
A
habitat(n.) : the natural area where a plant or animal lives a habitat for humanity The damage includes habitat loss محل سکونت بوم مسکن طبیعی جای اصلی منطقه زیست جانور یا گیاه
the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs; “a marine habitat”
5
Q
pollution
A
pollution(n.) : damage to air, water, etc. The damage includes pollution آلودگی کثافت ناپاکی
Noun
1. undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities
- the state of being polluted
- the act of contaminating or polluting; including (either intentionally or accidentally) unwanted substances or factors
6
Q
extend
A
extend(v.) : to reach past; get bigger
extend [ikˈstend]
♦ verb
1 to make longer or larger: He extended his vegetable garden.
بزرگ کردن؛ گسترش دادن
2 to reach or stretch: The school grounds extend as far as this fence.
وسعت یافتن؛ امتداد داشتن
3 to hold out or stretch out (a limb etc ): He extended his hand to her.
دراز کردن؛ کش دادن
4 to offer: May I extend a welcome to you all?
تقدیم کردن؛ ارائه دادن
exˈtension [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 an added part: He built an extension to his house; a two-day extension to the holiday; He has telephone extensions (= telephones) in every bedroom.
ضمیمه؛ تمدید
2 (a program by which) part of a university located somewhere else offers courses to people who are not fulltime students.
دوره غیر تمام وقت؛ دوره شبانه
3 the process of extending.
توسعه؛ تمدید
4 a telephone that operates on the same line as another: They have a phone in the living-room and an extension in the bedroom.
خط فرعی؛ خط داخلی
exˈtensive [-siv]
♦ adjective
large in area or amount: extensive plantations; He suffered extensive injuries in the accident.
پهناور؛ زیاد
7
Q
fell
A
fell(v.) : to cut down
انداختن
قطع کردن
بریدن و انداختن
1 a : to cut, knock, or bring down fell a tree
b : kill Her father was felled by a heart attack.
2 : to sew (a seam) by folding one raw edge under the other and sewing flat on the wrong side
8
Q
nutrients
A
nutrients(n.) : the goodness in food
a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow
ماده مغذی
ماده مقوی از لحاظ غذایی
9
Q
terrestrial
A
terrestrial(adj.) : living on the land زمینی خاکی دنیوی این جهانی
1 a : of or relating to the earth or its inhabitants terrestrial magnetism
b : mundane in scope or character : prosaic
2 a : of or relating to land as distinct from air or water terrestrial transportation
b (1) : living on or in or growing from land terrestrial plants terrestrial birds (2) : of or relating to terrestrial organisms terrestrial habits
3 : belonging to the class of planets that are like the earth (as in density and silicate composition) the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars
10
Q
aquatic
A
aquatic(adj.) : living in the water
aquatic [əˈkwӕtik]
♦ adjective
living, growing, or taking place in water: aquatic plants/sports.
آبزی؛ آبی
11
Q
vanish
A
vanish(v.) : to disappear
vanish [ˈvӕniʃ]
♦ verb
to become no longer visible, especially suddenly: The ship vanished over the horizon; Our hopes suddenly vanished.
ناپدید شدن
12
Q
درخت‌بری و الوار سازی،درخت اندازی،بهره برداری از جنگل
A
logging
log [log]
♦ noun
1 a thick piece of unshaped wood: The trees were sawn into logs and taken to the sawmill.
کنده
2 a logbook: The captain of the ship entered the details in the log.
دفتر گزارش
♦ verb– past tense, past participle logged –
to write down or record in a logbook (especially the distance covered during a journey).
ثبت کردن در دفتر گزارش
ˈlogbook
♦ noun
an official record of the journey of a ship or aeroplane: All the details of the flight were entered in the logbook.
دفتر گزارش روزانه
13
Q
a large number; a collection
آرایش؛ نمایش پر جلوه
چیدمان؛ نظم
چیدن؛ به صف درآوردن
جامه زیبا پوشاندن؛ آراستن
A
array
1 things, people etc arranged in some order: an impressive array of fabrics.
آرایش؛ نمایش پر جلوه
2 clothes: in fine array.
چیدمان؛ نظم
♦ verb
1 to put (things, people etc ) in some order for show etc : goods arrayed on the counter.
چیدن؛ به صف درآوردن
2 to dress (oneself) eg in fine clothes.
جامه زیبا پوشاندن؛ آراستن
14
Q
محیط
A
environment
♦ noun
(a set of) surrounding conditions, especially those influencing development or growth: An unhappy home environment may drive a teenager to crime; We should protect the environment from destruction by modern chemicals etc.
محیط
enˌvironˈmental [-ˈmen-]
♦ adjective
محیطی؛ وابسته به محیط
environˈmentalist
♦ noun
a person who wants to stop the damage being done to the environment by humans.
طرفدار حفظ محیط زیست
15
Q
محل سکونت بوم مسکن طبیعی جای اصلی منطقه زیست جانور یا گیاه
A
habitat
habitat(n.) : the natural area where a plant or animal lives a habitat for humanity The damage includes habitat loss محل سکونت بوم مسکن طبیعی جای اصلی منطقه زیست جانور یا گیاه
the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs; “a marine habitat”
16
Q
آلودگی
کثافت
ناپاکی
A
pollution
pollution(n.) : damage to air, water, etc. The damage includes pollution آلودگی کثافت ناپاکی
Noun
1. undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities
- the state of being polluted
- the act of contaminating or polluting; including (either intentionally or accidentally) unwanted substances or factors
17
Q
بزرگ کردن؛ گسترش دادن
وسعت یافتن؛ امتداد داشتن
دراز کردن؛ کش دادن
تقدیم کردن؛ ارائه دادن
A
extend
♦ verb
1 to make longer or larger: He extended his vegetable garden.
بزرگ کردن؛ گسترش دادن
2 to reach or stretch: The school grounds extend as far as this fence.
وسعت یافتن؛ امتداد داشتن
3 to hold out or stretch out (a limb etc ): He extended his hand to her.
دراز کردن؛ کش دادن
4 to offer: May I extend a welcome to you all?
تقدیم کردن؛ ارائه دادن
exˈtension [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 an added part: He built an extension to his house; a two-day extension to the holiday; He has telephone extensions (= telephones) in every bedroom.
ضمیمه؛ تمدید
2 (a program by which) part of a university located somewhere else offers courses to people who are not fulltime students.
دوره غیر تمام وقت؛ دوره شبانه
3 the process of extending.
توسعه؛ تمدید
4 a telephone that operates on the same line as another: They have a phone in the living-room and an extension in the bedroom.
خط فرعی؛ خط داخلی
exˈtensive [-siv]
♦ adjective
large in area or amount: extensive plantations; He suffered extensive injuries in the accident.
پهناور؛ زیاد
18
Q
انداختن
قطع کردن
بریدن و انداختن
به زمین زدن
A
fell
fell(v.) : to cut down
انداختن
قطع کردن
بریدن و انداختن
1 a : to cut, knock, or bring down fell a tree
b : kill Her father was felled by a heart attack.
2 : to sew (a seam) by folding one raw edge under the other and sewing flat on the wrong side
19
Q
ماده مغذی
ماده مقوی از لحاظ غذایی
A
nutrients
nutrients(n.) : the goodness in food
a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow
ماده مغذی
ماده مقوی از لحاظ غذایی
20
Q
زمینی
خاکی
دنیوی
این جهانی
A
terrestrial
terrestrial(adj.) : living on the land زمینی خاکی دنیوی این جهانی
1 a : of or relating to the earth or its inhabitants terrestrial magnetism
b : mundane in scope or character : prosaic
2 a : of or relating to land as distinct from air or water terrestrial transportation
b (1) : living on or in or growing from land terrestrial plants terrestrial birds (2) : of or relating to terrestrial organisms terrestrial habits
3 : belonging to the class of planets that are like the earth (as in density and silicate composition) the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars
21
Q
آبزی: آبی
A
aquatic
♦ adjective
living, growing, or taking place in water: aquatic plants/sports.
آبزی؛ آبی
22
Q
ناپدید شدن
A
vanish
♦ verb
to become no longer visible, especially suddenly: The ship vanished over the horizon; Our hopes suddenly vanished.
ناپدید شدن
23
Q
myriad
A
adj
many; numerous
a myriad of something/myriads of something a very large number of things
بی‌شمار
هزارها
24
Q
intact
A
adj
whole; complete
intact [inˈtӕkt]
♦ adjective
undamaged or whole: The box was washed up on the beach with its contents still intact.
بی کم و کاست
25
intercept
verb
to catch; to interrupt the progress pf something
intercept [intəˈsept]
♦ verb
to stop or catch (a person, thing etc ) before he, it etc arrives at the place to which he, it etc is going, being sent etc : The messenger was intercepted on his way to the king.
راه بستن بر؛ بازداشتن
ˌinterˈception
♦ noun
رهگیری
26
stabilize
verb
to keep from changing; maintain
to become firm, steady, or unchanging, or to make something firm or steady → stable
ثابت شدن
تثبیت کردن
پایا ساختن
استوار کردن
27
erosion
noun
loss of soil from the action of water or wind
1 the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
2 the process by which something is gradually reduced or destroyed
```
فرسایش
سایش
ساییدگی
تحلیل
فساد تدریجی
```
28
بی‌شمار
| هزاران
myriad
adj
many; numerous
a myriad of something/myriads of something a very large number of things
بی‌شمار
هزارها
29
بی کم و کاست
intact
adj
whole; complete
intact [inˈtӕkt]
♦ adjective
undamaged or whole: The box was washed up on the beach with its contents still intact.
بی کم و کاست
30
راه بستن بر؛ بازداشتن
intercept
verb
to catch; to interrupt the progress pf something
intercept [intəˈsept]
♦ verb
to stop or catch (a person, thing etc ) before he, it etc arrives at the place to which he, it etc is going, being sent etc : The messenger was intercepted on his way to the king.
راه بستن بر؛ بازداشتن
ˌinterˈception
♦ noun
رهگیری
31
ثابت شدن
تثبیت کردن
پایا ساختن
استوار کردن
stabilize
verb
to keep from changing; maintain
to become firm, steady, or unchanging, or to make something firm or steady → stable
ثابت شدن
تثبیت کردن
پایا ساختن
استوار کردن
32
```
فرسایش
سایش
ساییدگی
تحلیل
فساد تدریجی
```
erosion
noun
loss of soil from the action of water or wind
1 the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
2 the process by which something is gradually reduced or destroyed
```
فرسایش
سایش
ساییدگی
تحلیل
فساد تدریجی
```
33
vegetation
noun
plants in general
زندگی گیاهی
34
inhibit
verb
to prevent; slow down
♦ verb
to stop or hinder (eg someone from doing something).
جلوگیری کردن
inˈhibited
♦ adjective
unable to relax and express one's feelings in an open and natural way.
کمرو؛ خویش گیر
inhibition [iniˈbiʃən]
♦ noun
بازداری؛ کمرویی
35
defense
noun
protection
defense
a) [uncountable] the act of protecting something or someone from attack
b) [countable] something that can be used to protect something or someone from attack
```
دفاع
پدافند
حمایت
محافظت
مدافعه
استحکامات
```
36
deforestation
noun
the removal of all trees from a large area
the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area
قطع درختان جنگلی
37
زندگی گیاهی
| گیاهان
vegetation
| plants in general
38
جلوگیری کردن
inhibit
♦ verb
to stop or hinder (eg someone from doing something).
جلوگیری کردن
inˈhibited
♦ adjective
unable to relax and express one's feelings in an open and natural way.
کمرو؛ خویش گیر
inhibition [iniˈbiʃən]
♦ noun
بازداری؛ کمرویی
39
```
دفاع
پدافند
حمایت
محافظت
مدافعه
استحکامات
```
defense
a) [uncountable] the act of protecting something or someone from attack
b) [countable] something that can be used to protect something or someone from attack
40
جنگل زدایی
| قطع درختان جنگلی
deforestation
the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area
41
migration
noun
movement from one place to another
when large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work
کوچ
42
inhabit
verb
to live in
♦ verb
(of people, animals etc ) to live in (a region etc ): Polar bears inhabit the Arctic region; That house is now inhabited by a Polish family.
ساکن بودن در
inˈhabitable
♦ adjective
(negative uninhabitable ) fit to be lived in: The building was no longer inhabitable.
قابل سکونت
inˈhabitant
♦ noun
a person or animal that lives permanently in a place: the inhabitants of the village; tigers, leopards and other inhabitants of the jungle.
ساکن
43
fascinate
verb
to interest greatly
fascinate [ˈfӕsineit]
♦ verb
to charm; to attract or interest very strongly: She was fascinated by the strange clothes and customs of the country people.
مجذوب کردن
ˈfascinating
♦ adjective
very charming, attractive or interesting: a fascinating story.
مجذوب کننده
ˌfasciˈnation
♦ noun
1 the act of fascinating or state of being fascinated: the look of fascination on the children's faces.
شیفتگی
2 the power of fascinating or something that has this: Old books have/hold a fascination for him.
گیرایی
44
observer
noun
a person who watches something
1 someone who regularly watches or pays attention to particular things, events, situations etc
2 someone who attends meetings, classes, events etc to check what is happening
3 someone who sees or looks at something
مشاهده کننده
پیرو رسوم خاص
45
imperative
noun
a priority; an urgent need
```
imperative [imˈperətiv]
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
1 used of verbs that are expressing a command: In the sentence `Come here!', `come' is an imperative (verb).
امری
```
2 absolutely necessary: It is imperative that we take immediate action to reduce pollution.
ضرورت
♦ noun
In `Sit down!' the verb is in the imperative.
وجه امری
46
evolve
verb
to develop and change
evolve [iˈvolv]
♦ verb
to (cause to) develop gradually: Man evolved from the apes.
تکامل یافتن
evolution [iːvəˈluːʃən, (American) e-]
♦ noun
1 gradual working out or development: the evolution of our form of government.
تکامل؛ تحول
2 the development of the higher kinds of animals (eg man), plants etc , from the lower kinds: Darwin's theory of evolution.
تکامل
evolutionary [iːvəˈluːʃənəri, (American) e-]
♦ adjective
تکاملی
47
کوچ
migration
noun
movement from one place to another
when large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work
48
ساکن بودن در
inhabit
♦ verb
(of people, animals etc ) to live in (a region etc ): Polar bears inhabit the Arctic region; That house is now inhabited by a Polish family.
ساکن بودن در
inˈhabitable
♦ adjective
(negative uninhabitable ) fit to be lived in: The building was no longer inhabitable.
قابل سکونت
inˈhabitant
♦ noun
a person or animal that lives permanently in a place: the inhabitants of the village; tigers, leopards and other inhabitants of the jungle.
ساکن
49
مجذوب کردن
fascinate
♦ verb
to charm; to attract or interest very strongly: She was fascinated by the strange clothes and customs of the country people.
مجذوب کردن
ˈfascinating
♦ adjective
very charming, attractive or interesting: a fascinating story.
مجذوب کننده
ˌfasciˈnation
♦ noun
1 the act of fascinating or state of being fascinated: the look of fascination on the children's faces.
شیفتگی
2 the power of fascinating or something that has this: Old books have/hold a fascination for him.
گیرایی
50
مشاهده کننده
| پیرو رسوم خاص
observer
noun
a person who watches something
1 someone who regularly watches or pays attention to particular things, events, situations etc
2 someone who attends meetings, classes, events etc to check what is happening
3 someone who sees or looks at something
51
ضرورت
| وجه امری
imperative
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
1 used of verbs that are expressing a command: In the sentence `Come here!', `come' is an imperative (verb).
امری
2 absolutely necessary: It is imperative that we take immediate action to reduce pollution.
ضرورت
♦ noun
In `Sit down!' the verb is in the imperative.
وجه امری
52
تکامل یافتن
evolve
♦ verb
to (cause to) develop gradually: Man evolved from the apes.
تکامل یافتن
evolution [iːvəˈluːʃən, (American) e-]
♦ noun
1 gradual working out or development: the evolution of our form of government.
تکامل؛ تحول
2 the development of the higher kinds of animals (eg man), plants etc , from the lower kinds: Darwin's theory of evolution.
تکامل
evolutionary [iːvəˈluːʃənəri, (American) e-]
♦ adjective
تکاملی
53
breed
verb
to reproduce
breed [briːd]– past tense, past participle bred [bred] –
♦ verb
1 to produce young: Rabbits breed often.
بچه آوردن؛ تولید مثل کردن
2 to keep animals for the purpose of breeding young: I breed dogs and sell them as pets.
پرورش حیوانات
♦ noun
a type, variety or species (of animal): a breed of dog.
گونه؛ نژاد
```
bred [bred]
♦ adjective
(often as part of a word )
1 (of people) brought up in a certain way or place: a well-bred young lady; American born and bred.
به دنیا امده و پرورش یافتۀ جایی مشخص
```
2 (of animals) brought up or reared in a certain way: a pure-bred dog.
تربیت شده؛ اصیل
ˈbreeding
♦ noun
education and training; good manners: a man of good breeding.
خوش برخورد؛ با اصالت
54
optimal
adj
best; most favorable
under optimal conditions
تحت شرایط بهینه
بهینه
مربوط به کمال مطلوب
55
hemisphere
noun
one half of the Earth (Capital E); one half of a sphere
hemisphere [ˈhemisfiə]
♦ noun
one half of the Earth: Singapore and the British Isles are in the northern hemisphere.
نيم كره
ˌhemiˈspherical [-ˈsfe-]
♦ adjective
like half a ball in shape.
نيم كروی
56
species
| with S at the end
noun
type; a basic group in biological classification
species [ˈspiːʃiːz]– plural species –
♦ noun
1 a group (of animals etc ) whose members are so similar or closely related as to be able to breed together: There are se-veral species of zebra.
گونه
2 a kind or sort.
نوع
57
بچه آوردن؛ تولید مثل کردن
| پرورش حیوانات
breed
past tense, past participle bred [bred] –
♦ verb
1 to produce young: Rabbits breed often.
بچه آوردن؛ تولید مثل کردن
2 to keep animals for the purpose of breeding young: I breed dogs and sell them as pets.
پرورش حیوانات
♦ noun
a type, variety or species (of animal): a breed of dog.
```
گونه؛ نژاد
bred [bred]
♦ adjective
(often as part of a word )
1 (of people) brought up in a certain way or place: a well-bred young lady; American born and bred.
```
به دنیا امده و پرورش یافتۀ جایی مشخص
2 (of animals) brought up or reared in a certain way: a pure-bred dog.
تربیت شده؛ اصیل
ˈbreeding
♦ noun
education and training; good manners: a man of good breeding.
خوش برخورد؛ با اصالت
58
بهینه
| مربوط به کمال مطلوب
optimal
adj
best; most favorable
under optimal conditions
تحت شرایط بهینه
بهینه
مربوط به کمال مطلوب
59
نیم‌کره
| نیم‌کروی
hemisphere
♦ noun
one half of the Earth: Singapore and the British Isles are in the northern
hemisphere.
نيم كره
ˌhemiˈspherical [-ˈsfe-]
♦ adjective
like half a ball in shape.
نيم كروی
60
گونه
| نوع
species
plural species
♦ noun
1 a group (of animals etc ) whose members are so similar or closely related as to be able to breed together: There are se-veral species of zebra.
گونه
2 a kind or sort.
نوع
61
windswept
adj
unprotected from the wind
1 a place that is windswept is often windy because there are not many trees or buildings to protect it
2 hair, clothes etc that are windswept have been blown around by the wind
بر باد رفته
به وسیله باد جارو شده
باد زده
62
endure
verb
to live under difficult conditions
endure [inˈdjuə]
♦ verb
1 to bear patiently; to tolerate: She endures her troubles bravely; I can endure her rudeness no longer.
تحمل کردن
2 to remain firm; to last: You must endure to the end; The memory of her great acting has endured.
پایدار ماندن
enˈdurable
♦ adjective
(negative unendurable ) able to be borne or tolerated: This pain is scarcely endurable.
قابل تحمل
enˈdurance
♦ noun
the power or ability to bear or to last: He has amazing (power of) endurance; Her rudeness is beyond endurance; (also adjective ) endurance tests.
تحمل
63
fuel
verb
to provide energy
fuel [ˈfjuəl]
♦ noun
any substance by which a fire, engine etc is made to work (eg coal, oil, petrol): The machine ran out of fuel.
سوخت
♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈfuelled , (American ) fueled –
to give or take fuel: The tanker will leave when it has finished fuelling / being fuelled.
سوخت گیری کردن
64
aspect
noun
a part or feature
aspect [ˈӕspekt]
♦ noun
1 a part of something to be thought about: We must consider every aspect of the problem.
جنبه؛ ظاهر
2 a side of a building etc or the direction it faces in.
نما
3 look or appearance: His face had a frightening aspect.
چهره؛ منظر
65
feat
noun
a difficult or impressive act or achievement
feat [fiːt]
♦ noun
an impressive act or achievement: Building the pyramids was a brilliant feat of engineering.
شاهکار
66
بر باد رفته
به وسیله باد جارو شده
بادزده
windswept
adj
unprotected from the wind
1 a place that is windswept is often windy because there are not many trees or buildings to protect it
2 hair, clothes etc that are windswept have been blown around by the wind
67
تحمل کردن
| پایدار ماندن
endure
♦ verb
1 to bear patiently; to tolerate: She endures her troubles bravely; I can endure her rudeness no longer.
تحمل کردن
2 to remain firm; to last: You must endure to the end; The memory of her great acting has endured.
پایدار ماندن
enˈdurable
♦ adjective
(negative unendurable ) able to be borne or tolerated: This pain is scarcely endurable.
قابل تحمل
enˈdurance
♦ noun
the power or ability to bear or to last: He has amazing (power of) endurance; Her rudeness is beyond endurance; (also adjective ) endurance tests.
تحمل
68
سوخت
سوخت‌گیری کردن
fuel
♦ noun
any substance by which a fire, engine etc is made to work (eg coal, oil, petrol): The machine ran out of fuel.
سوخت
♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈfuelled , (American ) fueled –
to give or take fuel: The tanker will leave when it has finished fuelling / being fuelled.
سوخت گیری کردن
69
جنبه؛ ظاهر
نما
چهره؛ منظره
aspect
♦ noun
1 a part of something to be thought about: We must consider every aspect of the problem.
جنبه؛ ظاهر
2 a side of a building etc or the direction it faces in.
نما
3 look or appearance: His face had a frightening aspect.
چهره؛ منظر
70
شاهکار
feat
♦ noun
an impressive act or achievement: Building the pyramids was a brilliant feat of engineering
71
nocturnal
adj
active at night
nocturnal [nokˈtəːnl]
♦ adjective
1 active at night: The owl is a nocturnal bird.
نمايش شبانه
2 happening at night: a nocturnal encounter.
واقع شونده در شب
72
obscure
verb
to make difficult to see
obscure [əbˈskjuə]
♦ adjective
1 not clear; difficult to see: an obscure corner of the library.
تیره و تار
2 not well-known: an obscure author.
گمنام
3 difficult to understand: an obscure poem.
غیر قابل درک
♦ verb
to make obscure: A large tree obscured the view.
نامشخص کردن؛ تار کردن
obˈscurely
♦ adverb
بطور مبهم
obˈscurity
♦ noun
تاریکی؛ ابهام
73
stray
verb
to leave the correct route; to become separated from the group
stray [strei]
♦ verb
to wander, especially from the right path, place etc : The shepherd went to search for some sheep that had strayed; to stray from the point.
از موضوع اصلي دور افتادن
♦ noun
a cat, dog etc that has strayed and has no home.
ولگرد
♦ adjective
1 wandering or lost: stray cats and dogs.
گمشده
2 occasional, or not part of a general group or tendency: The sky was clear except for one or two stray clouds.
پراكنده
74
diurnal
adj
active during the day
1 happening or active in the daytime
OPP nocturnal
2 happening every day
روزانه
مربوط به روز
75
navigation
noun
finding and following one’s route
1 the science or job of planning which way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another
2 when someone sails a ship along a river or other area of water
ناوبری
هدایت
76
نمایش شبانه
| واقع‌شونده در شب
nocturnal
♦ adjective
1 active at night: The owl is a nocturnal bird.
نمايش شبانه
2 happening at night: a nocturnal encounter.
واقع شونده در شب
77
تیره و تار
گمنام
غیرقابل درک
نامشخص کردن؛ تار کردن
obscure
♦ adjective
1 not clear; difficult to see: an obscure corner of the library.
تیره و تار
2 not well-known: an obscure author.
گمنام
3 difficult to understand: an obscure poem.
غیر قابل درک
♦ verb
to make obscure: A large tree obscured the view.
نامشخص کردن؛ تار کردن
obˈscurely
♦ adverb
بطور مبهم
obˈscurity
♦ noun
تاریکی؛ ابهام
78
از موضوع اصلی دور افتادن
ولگرد
گمشده
پراکنده
stray
♦ verb
to wander, especially from the right path, place etc : The shepherd went to search for some sheep that had strayed; to stray from the point.
از موضوع اصلي دور افتادن
♦ noun
a cat, dog etc that has strayed and has no home.
ولگرد
♦ adjective
1 wandering or lost: stray cats and dogs.
گمشده
2 occasional, or not part of a general group or tendency: The sky was clear except for one or two stray clouds.
پراكنده
80
روزانه
| مربوط به روز
diurnal
adj
active during the day
1 happening or active in the daytime
OPP nocturnal
2 happening every day
روزانه
مربوط به روز
80
ناوبری
| هدایت
navigation
noun
finding and following one’s route
1 the science or job of planning which way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another
2 when someone sails a ship along a river or other area of water
ناوبری
هدایت
81
occupy
verb
to be in a place; exist in
♦ verb
1 to be in or fill (time, space etc ): A table occupied the centre of the room.
قرار داشتن؛ پر کردن
2 to live in: The family occupied a small flat.
ساکن بودن
3 to capture: The soldiers occupied the town.
اشغال کردن
ˈoccupant
♦ noun
a person who occupies (a house etc ), not necessarily the owner of the house.
ساکن
ˌoccuˈpation
♦ noun
1 a person's job or work.
شغل
2 the act of occupying (a house, town etc ).
سکونت
3 the period of time during which a town, house etc is occupied: During the occupation, there was a shortage of food.
اشغال
ˌoccuˈpational
♦ adjective
of, or caused by, a person's job: an occupational disease.
شغلی
ˈoccupier
♦ noun
an occupant.
ساکن؛ اشغالگر
82
sparse
adj
small in numbers or amount
♦ adjective
thinly scattered: sparse vegetation.
پراكنده
ˈsparsely
♦ adverb
ˈsparseness
♦ noun
83
swing
noun
a sudden or big change
swing [swiŋ]– past tense, past participle swung [swaŋ] –
♦ verb
1 to (cause to) move or sway in a curve (from side to side or forwards and backwards) from a fixed point: You swing your arms when you walk; The children were swinging on a rope hanging from a tree; The door swung open; He swung the load on to his shoulder.
چرخاندن
2 to walk with a stride: He swung along the road.
گشتن
3 to turn suddenly: He swung round and stared at them; He is hoping to swing the voters in his favour.
سريع پيچيدن
♦ noun
1 an act, period, or manner, of swinging: He was having a swing on the rope; Most golfers would like to improve their swing.
چرخش
2 a swinging movement: the swing of the dancers' skirts.
جنبش
3 a strong dancing rhythm: The music should be played with a swing.
سوينگ؛جاز آمريكايي
4 a change in public opinion etc : a swing away from the government.
تغيير موضع
5 a seat for swinging, hung on ropes or chains from a supporting frame etc .
تاب بازي
ˈswinging
♦ adjective
fashionable and exciting: the swinging city of London.
خوب و خوش؛گل كرده
swing bridge
a type of bridge that swings open to let ships pass.
نوعي پل
swing door
a door that swings open in both directions.
نوعي در
be in full swing
to be going ahead, or continuing, busily or vigorously: The work was in full swing.
در بحبوحه
get into the swing (of things)
to begin to fit into a routine etc .
كار روزمره را شروع كردن
go with a swing
(of an organized event etc ) to proceed or go easily and successfully.
موفق برگزار شدن
84
violent
adj
strong; sudden and destructive
♦ adjective
1 having, using, or showing, great force: There was a violent storm at sea; a violent earthquake; He has a violent temper.
شدید؛ سخت
2 caused by force: a violent death.
خشونت آمیز؛ خشن
ˈviolently
♦ adverb
با خشونت
ˈviolence
♦ noun
great roughness and force, often causing severe physical injury or damage: I was amazed at the violence of his temper; She was terrified by the violence of the storm.
شدت
85
extreme
♦ adjective
1 very great, especially much more than usual: extreme pleasure; He is in extreme pain.
شدید؛ فوق العاده
2 very far or furthest in any direction, especially out from the centre: the extreme south-western tip of England; Politically, he belongs to the extreme left.
منتهی الیه؛ دورترین
3 very violent or strong; not ordinary or usual: He holds extreme views on education.
غیرعادی؛ افراط آمیز
♦ noun
1 something as far, or as different, as possible from something else: the extremes of sadness and joy.
دو نقطه متقابل؛ چیز کاملاً متفاوت
2 the greatest degree of any state, especially if unpleasant: The extremes of heat in the desert make life uncomfortable.
بیشترین میزان؛ بالاترین حد
exˈtremely
♦ adverb
very: extremely kind.
بسیار
exˈtremism
♦ noun
the holding of views which are as far from being moderate as possible.
افراط گرایی
exˈtremist
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
افراط گرا
exˈtremity [-ˈstre-]– plural exˈtremities –
♦ noun
1 the farthest point: The two poles represent the extremities of the earth's axis.
دورترین مکان
2 an extreme degree; the quality of being extreme: Their suffering reached such extremities that many died.
حد نهایی؛ بالاترین درجه
3 a situation of great danger or distress: They need help in this extremity.
وخامت؛ بحبوحه
4 the parts of the body furthest from the middle eg the hands and feet.
دست ها؛ پاها
in the extreme
very: dangerous in the extreme.
به منتها درجه؛ بسیار زیاد
to extremes
very far, especially further than is thought to be reasonable: She can never express an opinion without going to extremes.
افراط کردن
86
قرار داشتن؛ پر کردن
ساکن بودن
اشغال کردن
occupy
♦ verb
1 to be in or fill (time, space etc ): A table occupied the centre of the room.
قرار داشتن؛ پر کردن
2 to live in: The family occupied a small flat.
ساکن بودن
3 to capture: The soldiers occupied the town.
اشغال کردن
ˈoccupant
♦ noun
a person who occupies (a house etc ), not necessarily the owner of the house.
ساکن
ˌoccuˈpation
♦ noun
1 a person's job or work.
شغل
2 the act of occupying (a house, town etc ).
سکونت
3 the period of time during which a town, house etc is occupied: During the occupation, there was a shortage of food.
اشغال
ˌoccuˈpational
♦ adjective
of, or caused by, a person's job: an occupational disease.
شغلی
ˈoccupier
♦ noun
an occupant.
ساکن؛ اشغالگر
87
پراکنده
sparse
♦ adjective
thinly scattered: sparse vegetation.
پراكنده
ˈsparsely
♦ adverb
ˈsparseness
♦ noun
88
چرخاندن
گشتن
سریع پیچیدن
```
چرخش
جنبش
تغییر موضع
تاب بازی
تغییر ناگهانی یا بزرگ
```
swing
swing [swiŋ]– past tense, past participle swung [swaŋ] –
♦ verb
1 to (cause to) move or sway in a curve (from side to side or forwards and backwards) from a fixed point: You swing your arms when you walk; The children were swinging on a rope hanging from a tree; The door swung open; He swung the load on to his shoulder.
چرخاندن
2 to walk with a stride: He swung along the road.
گشتن
3 to turn suddenly: He swung round and stared at them; He is hoping to swing the voters in his favour.
سريع پيچيدن
♦ noun
1 an act, period, or manner, of swinging: He was having a swing on the rope; Most golfers would like to improve their swing.
چرخش
2 a swinging movement: the swing of the dancers' skirts.
جنبش
3 a strong dancing rhythm: The music should be played with a swing.
سوينگ؛جاز آمريكايي
4 a change in public opinion etc : a swing away from the government.
تغيير موضع
5 a seat for swinging, hung on ropes or chains from a supporting frame etc .
تاب بازي
ˈswinging
♦ adjective
fashionable and exciting: the swinging city of London.
خوب و خوش؛گل كرده
swing bridge
a type of bridge that swings open to let ships pass.
نوعي پل
swing door
a door that swings open in both directions.
نوعي در
be in full swing
to be going ahead, or continuing, busily or vigorously: The work was in full swing.
در بحبوحه
get into the swing (of things)
to begin to fit into a routine etc .
كار روزمره را شروع كردن
go with a swing
(of an organized event etc ) to proceed or go easily and successfully.
موفق برگزار شدن
89
شدید؛ سخت
| خشونت‌آمیز؛
violent
♦ adjective
1 having, using, or showing, great force: There was a violent storm at sea; a violent earthquake; He has a violent temper.
شدید؛ سخت
2 caused by force: a violent death.
خشونت آمیز؛ خشن
ˈviolently
♦ adverb
با خشونت
ˈviolence
♦ noun
great roughness and force, often causing severe physical injury or damage: I was amazed at the violence of his temper; She was terrified by the violence of the storm.
شدت
90
شدید؛ فوق‌العاده
منتهی‌الیه؛ دورترین
غیرعادی؛ افراطآمیز
extreme
♦ adjective
1 very great, especially much more than usual: extreme pleasure; He is in extreme pain.
شدید؛ فوق العاده
2 very far or furthest in any direction, especially out from the centre: the extreme south-western tip of England; Politically, he belongs to the extreme left.
منتهی الیه؛ دورترین
3 very violent or strong; not ordinary or usual: He holds extreme views on education.
غیرعادی؛ افراط آمیز
♦ noun
1 something as far, or as different, as possible from something else: the extremes of sadness and joy.
دو نقطه متقابل؛ چیز کاملاً متفاوت
2 the greatest degree of any state, especially if unpleasant: The extremes of heat in the desert make life uncomfortable.
بیشترین میزان؛ بالاترین حد
exˈtremely
♦ adverb
very: extremely kind.
بسیار
exˈtremism
♦ noun
the holding of views which are as far from being moderate as possible.
افراط گرایی
exˈtremist
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
افراط گرا
exˈtremity [-ˈstre-]– plural exˈtremities –
♦ noun
1 the farthest point: The two poles represent the extremities of the earth's axis.
دورترین مکان
2 an extreme degree; the quality of being extreme: Their suffering reached such extremities that many died.
حد نهایی؛ بالاترین درجه
3 a situation of great danger or distress: They need help in this extremity.
وخامت؛ بحبوحه
4 the parts of the body furthest from the middle eg the hands and feet.
دست ها؛ پاها
in the extreme
very: dangerous in the extreme.
به منتها درجه؛ بسیار زیاد
to extremes
very far, especially further than is thought to be reasonable: She can never express an opinion without going to extremes.
افراط کردن
91
focus
verb
center attention on one particular object
plurals ˈfocuses ~foci [ˈfousai] –
♦ noun
1 the point at which rays of light meet after passing through a lens.
کانون
2 a point to which light, a look, attention etc is directed: She was the focus of everyone's attention.
مورد؛ مرکز
♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈfocus(s)ed –
1 to adjust (a camera, binoculars etc ) in order to get a clear picture: Remember to focus the camera / the picture before taking the photograph.
تنظیم کردن
2 to direct (attention etc ) to one point: The accident focussed public attention on the danger.
متمرکز کردن
ˈfocal
♦ adjective
کانونی؛ اصلی
in, *out of focus
giving or not giving a clear picture: These photographs are out of focus.
واضح؛ مبهم
92
indistinct
adj
unclear
♦ adjective
not clear to the eye, ear or mind; not distinct: an indistinct outline of a ship; His speech is rather indistinct.
مبهم
ˌindiˈstinctly
♦ adverb
بطور مبهم
ˌindiˈstinctness
♦ noun
ابهام
93
blur
noun
something not seen clearly
♦ noun
something not clearly seen: Everything is just a blur when I take my spectacles off.
مات؛ کدر
♦ verb– past tense, past participle blurred –
to make or become unclear: The rain blurred my vision.
نامشخص شدن؛ کدر کردن
94
unconsciously
adv
without thinking; automatically
adverb
in an unconscious manner, without being aware, instinctively, automatically, involuntarily
ناآگاه
95
peripheral
adj
at the edge
adjective
1 formal not as important as other things or people in a particular activity, idea, or situation
2 formal in the outer area of something, or relating to this area
3 peripheral vision your ability to see things to the side of you when you look straight ahead
4 technical peripheral equipment can be connected to a computer and used with it
—peripherally adverb
noun
a piece of equipment that is connected to a computer and used with it, for example a PRINTER
```
پیرامونی
جنبی
خارجی
ثانوی
وابسته به محیط
```
96
tolerate
verb
to accept; allow
♦ verb
to bear or endure; to put up with: I couldn't tolerate his rudeness.
تحمل کردن
ˈtolerable
♦ adjective
1 able to be borne or endured: The heat was barely tolerable.
قابل تحمل
2 quite good: The food was tolerable.
نسبتاً خوب
ˈtolerance
♦ noun
1 the ability to be fair and understanding to people whose ways, opinions etc are different from one's own: We should always try to show tolerance to other people.
بردباری
2 the ability to resist the effects of eg a drug: If you take a drug regularly, your body gradually acquires a tolerance of it.
سازگاری
ˈtolerant
♦ adjective
showing tolerance: He's very tolerant towards his neighbours.
بردبار
ˈtolerantly
♦ adverb
با شکیبایی
ˌtoleˈration
♦ noun
1 the act of tolerating: His toleration of her behaviour amazed me.
بردباری؛ تحمل
2 tolerance, especially in religious matters: The government passed a law of religious toleration.
جایز شماری؛ پذیرش
97
vision
noun
the ability to see; sight
♦ noun
1 something seen in the imagination or in a dream: God appeared to him in a vision.
رویا
2 the ability to see or plan into the future: Politicians should be men of vision.
بصیرت
3 the ability to see or the sense of sight: He is slowly losing his vision.
بینایی
98
athlete
noun
a person who plays sports
♦ noun
a person who is good at sport, especially running, jumping etc : Hundreds of athletes took part in the games.
ورزشکار
athˈletic [-ˈle-]
♦ adjective
1 of athletics: He is taking part in the athletic events.
ورزشی
2 good at athletics; strong and able to move easily and quickly: He looks very athletic.
ورزیده
athˈletics [-ˈle-]
♦ noun singular
the sports of running, jumping etc or competitions in these: Athletics was my favourite activity at school.
ورزش
99
demonstrate
verb
to show; model
♦ verb
1 to show clearly: This demonstrates his ignorance of the situation.
نشان دادن؛ آشکار کردن
2 to show how something works or is done: He demonstrated how the new vacuum cleaner worked.
نشان دادن
3 to express an opinion (usually political) by marching, showing banners etc in public: A crowd collected to demonstrate against the new taxes.
تظاهرات کردن
ˌdemonˈstration
♦ noun
1 a display or exhibition (of how something works etc ): I'd like a demonstration of this dishwasher.
نمایش طرز کار
2 (also ˈdemo [ˈdemou] – plural ˈdemos ) a public expression of opinion by holding meetings and processions, showing placards etc .
تظاهرات
ˈdemonstrator
♦ noun
1 a person who takes part in a public demonstration.
تظاهر کننده
2 a teacher or assistant who helps students with practical work.
دستیار
demonstrative
♦ adjective,
♦ pronounany one of the words this, *that, *these or those
اشاره
100
range
noun
area
♦ noun
1 a selection or variety: a wide range of books for sale; He has a very wide range of interests.
وسعت؛ محدوده؛ دامنه
2 the distance over which an object can be sent or thrown, sound can be heard etc : What is the range of this missile?; We are within range of / beyond the range of / out of range of their guns.
برد
3 the amount between certain limits: I'm hoping for a salary within the range $30,000 to $34,000; the range of a person's voice between his highest and lowest notes.
دامنه تغییرات
4 a row or series: a mountain range.
سلسله جبال؛ رشته کوه
5 in the United States, land, usually without fences, on which cattle etc can graze.
مرتع؛ چراگاه
6 a place where a person can practise shooting etc ; a rifle-range .
میدان تیر
7 a large kitchen stove with a flat top.
اجاق با برق یا گاز
♦ verb
1 to put in a row or rows: The two armies were ranged on opposite sides of the valley.
ردیف کردن؛ رده بندی کردن
2 to vary between certain limits: Weather conditions here range between bad and dreadful / from bad to dreadful.
تغییر کردن
3 to go, move, extend etc : His talk ranged over a number of topics.
گسترش یافتن
ˈranger
♦ noun
1 a person who looks after a forest or park.
جنگلبان
2 (American ) a soldier who is a member of a specially trained force; a commando.
تکاور
101
کانون
مورد؛ مرکز
تنظیم کردن
متمرکز کردن
focus
♦ noun
1 the point at which rays of light meet after passing through a lens.
کانون
2 a point to which light, a look, attention etc is directed: She was the focus of everyone's attention.
مورد؛ مرکز
♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈfocus(s)ed –
1 to adjust (a camera, binoculars etc ) in order to get a clear picture: Remember to focus the camera / the picture before taking the photograph.
تنظیم کردن
2 to direct (attention etc ) to one point: The accident focussed public attention on the danger.
متمرکز کردن
ˈfocal
♦ adjective
کانونی؛ اصلی
in, *out of focus
giving or not giving a clear picture: These photographs are out of focus.
واضح؛ مبهم
102
مبهم
indistinct
♦ adjective
not clear to the eye, ear or mind; not distinct: an indistinct outline of a ship; His speech is rather indistinct.
مبهم
ˌindiˈstinctly
♦ adverb
بطور مبهم
ˌindiˈstinctness
♦ noun
ابهام
103
مات؛ کدر
| نامشخص شدن؛ کدر کردن
blur
♦ noun
something not clearly seen: Everything is just a blur when I take my spectacles off.
مات؛ کدر
♦ verb– past tense, past participle blurred –
to make or become unclear: The rain blurred my vision.
نامشخص شدن؛ کدر کردن
104
(ضمیر) ناخودآگاه
| ناآگاه
unconsciously
adv
without thinking; automatically
adverb
in an unconscious manner, without being aware, instinctively, automatically, involuntarily
ناآگاه
105
```
پیرامونی
جنبی
خارجی
ثانوی
وابسته به محیط
```
peripheral
adj
at the edge
adjective
1 formal not as important as other things or people in a particular activity, idea, or situation
2 formal in the outer area of something, or relating to this area
3 peripheral vision your ability to see things to the side of you when you look straight ahead
4 technical peripheral equipment can be connected to a computer and used with it
—peripherally adverb
noun
a piece of equipment that is connected to a computer and used with it, for example a PRINTER
```
پیرامونی
جنبی
خارجی
ثانوی
وابسته به محیط
```
106
تحمل کردن
tolerate
♦ verb
to bear or endure; to put up with: I couldn't tolerate his rudeness.
تحمل کردن
ˈtolerable
♦ adjective
1 able to be borne or endured: The heat was barely tolerable.
قابل تحمل
2 quite good: The food was tolerable.
نسبتاً خوب
ˈtolerance
♦ noun
1 the ability to be fair and understanding to people whose ways, opinions etc are different from one's own: We should always try to show tolerance to other people.
بردباری
2 the ability to resist the effects of eg a drug: If you take a drug regularly, your body gradually acquires a tolerance of it.
سازگاری
ˈtolerant
♦ adjective
showing tolerance: He's very tolerant towards his neighbours.
بردبار
ˈtolerantly
♦ adverb
با شکیبایی
ˌtoleˈration
♦ noun
1 the act of tolerating: His toleration of her behaviour amazed me.
بردباری؛ تحمل
2 tolerance, especially in religious matters: The government passed a law of religious toleration.
جایز شماری؛ پذیرش
107
رویا
بصیرت
بینایی
vision
♦ noun
1 something seen in the imagination or in a dream: God appeared to him in a vision.
رویا
2 the ability to see or plan into the future: Politicians should be men of vision.
بصیرت
3 the ability to see or the sense of sight: He is slowly losing his vision.
بینایی
108
ورزشکار
athlete
♦ noun
a person who is good at sport, especially running, jumping etc : Hundreds of athletes took part in the games.
ورزشکار
athˈletic [-ˈle-]
♦ adjective
1 of athletics: He is taking part in the athletic events.
ورزشی
2 good at athletics; strong and able to move easily and quickly: He looks very athletic.
ورزیده
athˈletics [-ˈle-]
♦ noun singular
the sports of running, jumping etc or competitions in these: Athletics was my favourite activity at school.
ورزش
109
نشان دادن؛ آشکار کردن
نشان دادن
تظاهرات کردن
demonstrate
♦ verb
1 to show clearly: This demonstrates his ignorance of the situation.
نشان دادن؛ آشکار کردن
2 to show how something works or is done: He demonstrated how the new vacuum cleaner worked.
نشان دادن
3 to express an opinion (usually political) by marching, showing banners etc in public: A crowd collected to demonstrate against the new taxes.
تظاهرات کردن
ˌdemonˈstration
♦ noun
1 a display or exhibition (of how something works etc ): I'd like a demonstration of this dishwasher.
نمایش طرز کار
2 (also ˈdemo [ˈdemou] – plural ˈdemos ) a public expression of opinion by holding meetings and processions, showing placards etc .
تظاهرات
ˈdemonstrator
♦ noun
1 a person who takes part in a public demonstration.
تظاهر کننده
2 a teacher or assistant who helps students with practical work.
دستیار
demonstrative
♦ adjective,
♦ pronounany one of the words this, *that, *these or those
اشاره
110
```
وسعت؛ محدوده؛ دامنه
برد
دامنه تغییرات
سلسله جبال؛ رشته کوه
مرتع چراگاه
اجاق با برق یا گاز
```
ردیف کردن؛ رده بندی کردن
تغییر کردن
گسترش یافتن
range
♦ noun
1 a selection or variety: a wide range of books for sale; He has a very wide range of interests.
وسعت؛ محدوده؛ دامنه
2 the distance over which an object can be sent or thrown, sound can be heard etc : What is the range of this missile?; We are within range of / beyond the range of / out of range of their guns.
برد
3 the amount between certain limits: I'm hoping for a salary within the range $30,000 to $34,000; the range of a person's voice between his highest and lowest notes.
دامنه تغییرات
4 a row or series: a mountain range.
سلسله جبال؛ رشته کوه
5 in the United States, land, usually without fences, on which cattle etc can graze.
مرتع؛ چراگاه
6 a place where a person can practise shooting etc ; a rifle-range .
میدان تیر
7 a large kitchen stove with a flat top.
اجاق با برق یا گاز
♦ verb
1 to put in a row or rows: The two armies were ranged on opposite sides of the valley.
ردیف کردن؛ رده بندی کردن
2 to vary between certain limits: Weather conditions here range between bad and dreadful / from bad to dreadful.
تغییر کردن
3 to go, move, extend etc : His talk ranged over a number of topics.
گسترش یافتن
ˈranger
♦ noun
1 a person who looks after a forest or park.
جنگلبان
2 (American ) a soldier who is a member of a specially trained force; a commando.
تکاور
111
performance
```
noun
how well a person or machine does something
کارایی
انجام
اجرا؛ نمایش
ایفا
شاهکار
```
1 a : the execution of an action
b : something accomplished : deed, feat
2 : the fulfillment of a claim, promise, or request : implementation
3 a : the action of representing a character in a play
b : a public presentation or exhibition a benefit performance
4 a : the ability to perform : efficiency
b : the manner in which a mechanism performs engine performance
5 : the manner of reacting to stimuli : behavior
6 : the linguistic behavior of an individual : parole; also : the ability to speak a certain language — compare competence
112
detect
verb
to notice; become aware of
♦ verb
to notice or discover: She thought she could detect a smell of gas.
پی بردن به؛ کشف کردن
deˈtective [-tiv]
♦ noun
a person who tries to find criminals or watches suspected persons: She was questioned by detectives.
کارآگاه
113
maneuver
noun
a movement
مانور
تمرین نظامی
مانور دادن
عملیات نظامی و جنگی را تمرین کردن
NOUN
1 [countable] a skilful or careful movement that you make, for example in order to avoid something or go through a narrow space
2 [countable, uncountable] a skilful or carefully planned action intended to gain an advantage for yourself
3 maneuvers [plural] military activities, such as pretending to fight a battle, which are done as practice or training
SYN exercises
4 room for manoeuvre/freedom of manoeuvre the possibility of changing your plans or decisions in order to achieve what you want
VERB
1 [intransitive, transitive always + adverb/preposition] to move or turn skilfully or to move or turn something skilfully, especially something large and heavy
2 [intransitive, transitive] to use cleverly planned and often dishonest methods to get the result that you want
114
distracting
adj
taking attention away from something
distract
♦ verb
to draw aside (the mind or attention of): He was constantly being distracted from his work by the noisy conversation of his colleagues.
حواس کسی را پرت کردن
diˈstracted
♦ adjective
1 turned aside (from what one is doing or thinking): He had slipped out while her attention was distracted.
منحرف شده
2 out of one's mind; mad: a distracted old woman.
دیوانه؛ دچار اختلال حواس
3 distressed: The distracted mother couldn't reach her child in the burning house.
پریشان؛ آشفته
diˈstraction [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 something that takes the mind off other especially more serious affairs: There are too many distractions here to allow one to work properly.
موجب حواس پرتی
2 anxiety and confusion: in a state of complete distraction.
گیجی؛ پریشانی
115
anticipate
verb
to expect; be ready for something to happen
♦ verb
1 to expect (something): I'm not anticipating any trouble.
انتظار داشتن
2 to see what is going to be wanted, required etc in the future and do what is necessary: A businessman must try to anticipate what his customers will want.
پیش بینی کردن
anˌticiˈpation
♦ noun
I'm looking forward to the concert with anticipation (= expectancy, excitement).
انتظار؛ چشم به راهی
116
```
کارایی
انجام
اجرا
نمایش
ایفا
شاهکار
ساخت
```
performance
noun
how well a person or machine does something
1 a : the execution of an action
b : something accomplished : deed, feat
2 : the fulfillment of a claim, promise, or request : implementation
3 a : the action of representing a character in a play
b : a public presentation or exhibition a benefit performance
4 a : the ability to perform : efficiency
b : the manner in which a mechanism performs engine performance
5 : the manner of reacting to stimuli : behavior
6 : the linguistic behavior of an individual : parole; also : the ability to speak a certain language — compare competence
117
پی بردن به؛ کشف کردن
detect
♦ verb
to notice or discover: She thought she could detect a smell of gas.
پی بردن به؛ کشف کردن
deˈtective [-tiv]
♦ noun
a person who tries to find criminals or watches suspected persons: She was questioned by detectives.
کارآگاه
118
مانور
تمرین نظامی
مانور دادن
عملیات نظامی و جنگی را تمرین کردن
maneuver
noun
a movement
NOUN
1 [countable] a skilful or careful movement that you make, for example in order to avoid something or go through a narrow space
2 [countable, uncountable] a skilful or carefully planned action intended to gain an advantage for yourself
3 maneuvers [plural] military activities, such as pretending to fight a battle, which are done as practice or training
SYN exercises
4 room for manoeuvre/freedom of manoeuvre the possibility of changing your plans or decisions in order to achieve what you want
VERB
1 [intransitive, transitive always + adverb/preposition] to move or turn skilfully or to move or turn something skilfully, especially something large and heavy
2 [intransitive, transitive] to use cleverly planned and often dishonest methods to get the result that you want
119
حواس پرت کن
distracting
distract
♦ verb
to draw aside (the mind or attention of): He was constantly being distracted from his work by the noisy conversation of his colleagues.
حواس کسی را پرت کردن
diˈstracted
♦ adjective
1 turned aside (from what one is doing or thinking): He had slipped out while her attention was distracted.
منحرف شده
2 out of one's mind; mad: a distracted old woman.
دیوانه؛ دچار اختلال حواس
3 distressed: The distracted mother couldn't reach her child in the burning house.
پریشان؛ آشفته
diˈstraction [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 something that takes the mind off other especially more serious affairs: There are too many distractions here to allow one to work properly.
موجب حواس پرتی
2 anxiety and confusion: in a state of complete distraction.
گیجی؛ پریشانی
120
انتظار داشتن
| پیش‌بینی کردن
anticipate
♦ verb
1 to expect (something): I'm not anticipating any trouble.
انتظار داشتن
2 to see what is going to be wanted, required etc in the future and do what is necessary: A businessman must try to anticipate what his customers will want.
پیش بینی کردن
anˌticiˈpation
♦ noun
I'm looking forward to the concert with anticipation (= expectancy, excitement).
انتظار؛ چشم به راهی
121
scan
verb
to look over
past tense, past participle scanned –
♦ verb
1 to examine carefully: He scanned the horizon for any sign of a ship.
دقيق شدن
2 to look at quickly but not in detail: She scanned the newspaper for news of the murder.
نگاه اجمالي انداختن
3 to pass radar beams etc over: The area was scanned for signs of enemy aircraft.
پوييدن
4 to pass an electronic or laser beam over a text or picture in order to store it in the memory of a computer.
پويش و پيمايش كردن
5 to examine and get an image of what is inside a person's body or an object by using ultra-sound and x-ray: They scanned his luggage at the airport to see if he was carrying drugs.
با اسكنر چيزي را بررسي كردن
6 to fit into a particular rhythm or metre: The second line of that verse doesn't scan properly.
با وزن خواندن
♦ noun
She had an ultrasound scan to see whether the baby was a boy or a girl; a brain scan; a quick scan through the report.
پويش؛پيمايش
ˈscanner
♦ noun
a machine etc that scans: Scanners are machines that show the contents of your luggage on a scereen; an ultrasound scanner; an optical scanner.
پويشگر
122
complicate
verb
to cause to be more difficult
♦ verb
to make difficult: His illness will complicate matters.
مشکل کردن؛ پیچیده کردن
ˈcomplicated
♦ adjective
(negative uncomplicated ) difficult to understand: complicated instructions.
پیچیده؛ بغرنج
ˌcompliˈcation
♦ noun
1 something making a situation etc more difficult: Taking the dog with us on holiday will be an added complication.
پیچیدگی
2 a development (in an illness etc ) which makes things worse.
عارضه؛ اشکال
123
coordinate
verb
to organize; make work together
♦ verb
to adjust (a movement or action) so that it fits in or works smoothly (with other movements or actions): In swimming the movement of one's arms and legs must be co-ordinated.
هماهنگ کردن یا شدن
co-ordiˈnation
♦ noun
هماهنگی
124
boundary
noun
an edge; border
plural ˈboundaries –
♦ noun
1 an often imaginary line separating one thing from another: the boundary between two towns.
مرز
2 (in cricket) a hit which crosses the boundary line round the field, scoring four runs or six runs.
سرحد
125
indiscernibly
Adverb
in a way that is impossible to see or notice
Adjective
1. difficult or impossible to perceive or discern; "an indiscernible increase in temperature”
2. barely able to be perceived; "the transition was almost indiscernible"; "an almost insensible change"
غیرقابل تشخیص
تمیز ندادنی
ناپیدا
126
```
دقیق شدن
نگاه اجمالی انداختن
پوییدن
پویش و پیمایش کردن
با اسکنر چیزی را بررسی کردن
```
پویش؛ پیمایش
scan
past tense, past participle scanned –
♦ verb
1 to examine carefully: He scanned the horizon for any sign of a ship.
دقيق شدن
2 to look at quickly but not in detail: She scanned the newspaper for news of the murder.
نگاه اجمالي انداختن
3 to pass radar beams etc over: The area was scanned for signs of enemy aircraft.
پوييدن
4 to pass an electronic or laser beam over a text or picture in order to store it in the memory of a computer.
پويش و پيمايش كردن
5 to examine and get an image of what is inside a person's body or an object by using ultra-sound and x-ray: They scanned his luggage at the airport to see if he was carrying drugs.
با اسكنر چيزي را بررسي كردن
6 to fit into a particular rhythm or metre: The second line of that verse doesn't scan properly.
با وزن خواندن
♦ noun
She had an ultrasound scan to see whether the baby was a boy or a girl; a brain scan; a quick scan through the report.
پويش؛پيمايش
ˈscanner
♦ noun
a machine etc that scans: Scanners are machines that show the contents of your luggage on a scereen; an ultrasound scanner; an optical scanner.
پويشگر
127
مشکل کردن؛ پیچیده کردن
complicate
♦ verb
to make difficult: His illness will complicate matters.
مشکل کردن؛ پیچیده کردن
ˈcomplicated
♦ adjective
(negative uncomplicated ) difficult to understand: complicated instructions.
پیچیده؛ بغرنج
ˌcompliˈcation
♦ noun
1 something making a situation etc more difficult: Taking the dog with us on holiday will be an added complication.
پیچیدگی
2 a development (in an illness etc ) which makes things worse.
عارضه؛ اشکال
128
هماهنگ کردن یا شدن
coordinate
♦ verb
to adjust (a movement or action) so that it fits in or works smoothly (with other movements or actions): In swimming the movement of one's arms and legs must be co-ordinated.
هماهنگ کردن یا شدن
co-ordiˈnation
♦ noun
هماهنگی
129
مرز
| سرحد
boundary
plural ˈboundaries –
♦ noun
1 an often imaginary line separating one thing from another: the boundary between two towns.
مرز
2 (in cricket) a hit which crosses the boundary line round the field, scoring four runs or six runs.
سرحد
130
غیرقابل تشخیص
تمیز ندادنی
ناپیدا
indiscernibly
Adverb: indiscernibly
in a way that is impossible to see or notice
Adjective: indiscernible
1. difficult or impossible to perceive or discern; "an indiscernible increase in temperature”
2. barely able to be perceived; "the transition was almost indiscernible"; "an almost insensible change"
131
transitional
adj
relating to change from one type to another
Adjective
1. of or relating to or characterized by transition; "adolescence is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood"
انتقالی
وابسته به مرحله تغییر یا انتقال
132
fringe
noun
the edge of something
♦ noun
1 a border of loose threads on a carpet, shawl etc : Her red shawl has a black fringe.
حاشیه تزئینی؛ ریشه
2 hair cut to hang over the forehead: You should have your fringe cut before it covers your eyes.
چتری
3 the outer area; the edge; the part farthest from the main part or centre of something: on the fringe of the city.
حاشیه
♦ verb
to make or be a border around: Trees fringed the pond.
بصورت حاشیه قرار گرفتن
133
diverse
adj
varied; of many kinds
♦ adjective
different; of various kinds.
ناهمگون؛ متنوع
diˈversely
♦ adverb
بطور متنوع
diˈverseness
♦ noun
تنوع؛ گوناگونی
diˈversify [-fai]
♦ verb
to make or become varied or different.
گوناگون کردن؛ متنوع کردن
diˈversity
♦ noun
variety.
تنوع؛ گوناگونی
134
adapt
verb
to change to fit a situation or environment
♦ verb
1 to take (a child of other parents) as one's own: Since they had no children of their own they decided to adopt a little girl.
به فرزند خواندگی پذیرفتن
2 to take (something) as one's own: After going to France he adopted the French way of life.
اتخاذ کردن
aˈdoption [-ʃən]
♦ noun
انتخاب؛ اتخاذ
aˈdoptive [-tiv]
♦ adjective
his adoptive father.
پذیرفته شده
135
thrive
verb
to grow well
♦ verb
to grow strong and healthy: Children thrive on milk; The business is thriving.
رشد کردن؛ رونق یافتن
ˈthriving
♦ adjective
successful: a thriving industry.
موفق؛ شکوفا
136
انتقالی
| وابسته به مرحله تغییر یا انتقال
transitional
adj
relating to change from one type to another
Adjective
1. of or relating to or characterized by transition; "adolescence is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood"
انتقالی
وابسته به مرحله تغییر یا انتقال
137
حاشیه تزیینی؛ ریشه
چتری
حاشیه
به صورت حاشیه قرار گرفتن
fringe
♦ noun
1 a border of loose threads on a carpet, shawl etc : Her red shawl has a black fringe.
حاشیه تزئینی؛ ریشه
2 hair cut to hang over the forehead: You should have your fringe cut before it covers your eyes.
چتری
3 the outer area; the edge; the part farthest from the main part or centre of something: on the fringe of the city.
حاشیه
♦ verb
to make or be a border around: Trees fringed the pond.
بصورت حاشیه قرار گرفتن
138
ناهمگون؛ متنوع
diverse
♦ adjective
different; of various kinds.
ناهمگون؛ متنوع
diˈversely
♦ adverb
بطور متنوع
diˈverseness
♦ noun
تنوع؛ گوناگونی
diˈversify [-fai]
♦ verb
to make or become varied or different.
گوناگون کردن؛ متنوع کردن
diˈversity
♦ noun
variety.
تنوع؛ گوناگونی
139
به فرزندخواندگی پذیرفتن
| اتخاذ کردن
adopt
♦ verb
1 to take (a child of other parents) as one's own: Since they had no children of their own they decided to adopt a little girl.
به فرزند خواندگی پذیرفتن
2 to take (something) as one's own: After going to France he adopted the French way of life.
اتخاذ کردن
aˈdoption [-ʃən]
♦ noun
انتخاب؛ اتخاذ
aˈdoptive [-tiv]
♦ adjective
his adoptive father.
پذیرفته شده
140
رشد کردن؛ رونق یافتن
thrive
♦ verb
to grow strong and healthy: Children thrive on milk; The business is thriving.
رشد کردن؛ رونق یافتن
ˈthriving
♦ adjective
successful: a thriving industry.
موفق؛ شکوفا
141
resilient
adj
tough; able to endure difficult conditions
: characterized or marked by resilience: such as
a : capable of withstanding shock without permanent deformation or rupture
b : tending to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change
re·sil·ient·ly adverb
ارتجاعی
142
stressor
noun
something that causes great difficulties
Noun
1. any agent that causes stress to an organism
143
minimize
```
verb
to reduce to the least possible amount
به حداقل رساندن
دست کم گرفتن
کوچک شمردن
```
1 : to reduce or keep to a minimum minimize costs minimize delays
2 : to underestimate intentionally : play down, soft-pedal minimizing losses in our own forces while maximizing those of the enemy
3 : to replace (a window) on a computer display with a small button or icon which will restore the window when selected
minimization
minimizer
144
moisture
noun
wetness or water
: liquid diffused or condensed in relatively small quantity
رطوبت؛ نم
145
prolific
```
Adjective
producing a lot of something
بارور
فراوان
نیرومند
حاصلخیز
زایا
پرزا
```
1 : producing young or fruit especially freely : fruitful
2 archaic : causing abundant growth, generation, or reproduction
3 : marked by abundant inventiveness or productivity a prolific composer
prolificacy noun
prolifically adverb
prolificness noun
146
mechanisms
```
Noun
methods
مکانیزم
دستگاه
ماشین
طرز کار
ساختمان
اجزا متشکله چیزی
اجزا و عوامل مکانیکی
```
1 a : a piece of machinery (see machinery) The camera's shutter mechanism is broken.
b : a process, technique, or system for achieving a result the mechanisms of peace — F. D. Roosevelt
2 : mechanical operation or action : working he acknowledges nothing besides matter and motion; so that all must be performed either by mechanism or by accident — Richard Bentley
3 : a doctrine that holds natural processes (as of life) to be mechanically determined and capable of complete explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry
4 : the fundamental processes involved in or responsible for an action, reaction, or other natural phenomenon meteorologists believe that this pressure jump is the mechanism responsible for storms and tornadoes — Think — compare defense mechanism
147
ارتجاعی
resilient
adj
tough; able to endure difficult conditions
: characterized or marked by resilience: such as
a : capable of withstanding shock without permanent deformation or rupture
b : tending to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change
re·sil·ient·ly adverb
ارتجاعی
148
استرس‌زا
| تشدید کننده
stressor
noun
something that causes great difficulties
Noun
1. any agent that causes stress to an organism
149
```
به حداقل رساندن
کمینه کردن
کمینه ساختن
دست کم گرفتن
کوچک شمردن
```
minimize
```
verb
to reduce to the least possible amount
به حداقل رساندن
دست کم گرفتن
کوچک شمردن
```
1 : to reduce or keep to a minimum minimize costs minimize delays
2 : to underestimate intentionally : play down, soft-pedal minimizing losses in our own forces while maximizing those of the enemy
3 : to replace (a window) on a computer display with a small button or icon which will restore the window when selected
minimization
minimizer
150
رطوبت؛ نم
moisture
noun
wetness or water
: liquid diffused or condensed in relatively small quantity
رطوبت؛ نم
151
```
بارور
فراوان
نیرومند
حاصلخیز
زایا پرزا
```
prolific
```
Adjective
producing a lot of something
بارور
فراوان
نیرومند
حاصلخیز
زایا
پرزا
```
1 : producing young or fruit especially freely : fruitful
2 archaic : causing abundant growth, generation, or reproduction
3 : marked by abundant inventiveness or productivity a prolific composer
prolificacy noun
prolifically adverb
prolificness noun
152
```
مکانیزم
دستگاه
ماشین
طرز کار
ساختمان
اجزا متشکله چیزی
اجزا و عوامل مکانیکی
```
mechanisms
```
Noun
methods
مکانیزم
دستگاه
ماشین
طرز کار
ساختمان
اجزا متشکله چیزی
اجزا و عوامل مکانیکی
```
1 a : a piece of machinery (see machinery) The camera's shutter mechanism is broken.
b : a process, technique, or system for achieving a result the mechanisms of peace — F. D. Roosevelt
2 : mechanical operation or action : working he acknowledges nothing besides matter and motion; so that all must be performed either by mechanism or by accident — Richard Bentley
3 : a doctrine that holds natural processes (as of life) to be mechanically determined and capable of complete explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry
4 : the fundamental processes involved in or responsible for an action, reaction, or other natural phenomenon meteorologists believe that this pressure jump is the mechanism responsible for storms and tornadoes — Think — compare defense mechanism
153
evaporation
Noun
the change from liquid to gas; loss of water to the air
تبخیر
: the act or process of evaporating:
a : change from a liquid to a vapor evaporation of water But warming increases the evaporation of ocean water, which could increase the snowfall on the Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets, remove water from the ocean, and lower sea level. — Jack M. Hollander
b : the vanishing or disappearance of something The pope's attempt to arrest the evaporation of the Christian tradition in Europe was also unsuccessful.
154
dilute
Verb
to make weaker by mixing with water
♦ verb
to lessen the strength etc of by mixing especially with water: You are supposed to dilute that lime juice with water.
رقیق کردن
♦ adjective
reduced in strength; weak: dilute acid.
رقیق؛ آبناک
diˈlution
♦ noun
رقیق سازی
155
determine
Verb
to decide
♦ verb
1 to fix or settle; to decide: He determined his course of action.
معیین کردن؛ مشخص کردن
2 to find out exactly: He tried to determine what had gone wrong.
دقیقاً مشخص کردن؛ معلوم کردن
deˌtermiˈnation
♦ noun
1 firmness of character or stubbornness: She showed her determination by refusing to give way.
عزم راسخ؛ ارادۀ محکم
2 the act of determining.
تعیین؛ معیین سازی
deˈtermined
♦ adjective
1 having one's mind made up: She is determined to succeed.
مصمم؛ قاطع
2 stubborn: He's very determined.
سمج؛ قد
3 fixed or settled: Our route has already been determined.
مشخص؛ معیین
156
accumulate
Verb
to gradually increase over time
♦ verb
(usually of things) to gather or be gathered together in a large quantity: Rubbish accumulates very quickly in our house.
انباشته شدن
acˈcumulation
♦ noun
انباشتگی؛ تجمع
acˈcumulator
♦ noun
a type of electric battery.
باطری انباری
157
تبخیر
evaporation
Noun
the change from liquid to gas; loss of water to the air
تبخیر
: the act or process of evaporating:
a : change from a liquid to a vapor evaporation of water But warming increases the evaporation of ocean water, which could increase the snowfall on the Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets, remove water from the ocean, and lower sea level. — Jack M. Hollander
b : the vanishing or disappearance of something The pope's attempt to arrest the evaporation of the Christian tradition in Europe was also unsuccessful.
158
رقیق کردن
رقیق؛ آبناک
dilute
♦ verb
to lessen the strength etc of by mixing especially with water: You are supposed to dilute that lime juice with water.
رقیق کردن
♦ adjective
reduced in strength; weak: dilute acid.
رقیق؛ آبناک
diˈlution
♦ noun
رقیق سازی
159
معین کردن؛ مشخص کردن
| دقیقا مشخص کردن؛ معلوم کردن
determine
♦ verb
1 to fix or settle; to decide: He determined his course of action.
معیین کردن؛ مشخص کردن
2 to find out exactly: He tried to determine what had gone wrong.
دقیقاً مشخص کردن؛ معلوم کردن
deˌtermiˈnation
♦ noun
1 firmness of character or stubbornness: She showed her determination by refusing to give way.
عزم راسخ؛ ارادۀ محکم
2 the act of determining.
تعیین؛ معیین سازی
deˈtermined
♦ adjective
1 having one's mind made up: She is determined to succeed.
مصمم؛ قاطع
2 stubborn: He's very determined.
سمج؛ قد
3 fixed or settled: Our route has already been determined.
مشخص؛ معیین
160
انباشته شدن
accumulate
♦ verb
(usually of things) to gather or be gathered together in a large quantity: Rubbish accumulates very quickly in our house.
انباشته شدن
acˈcumulation
♦ noun
انباشتگی؛ تجمع
acˈcumulator
♦ noun
a type of electric battery.
باطری انباری
161
entertainment
Noun
a performance or show
1 a : amusement or diversion provided especially by performers hired a band to provide entertainment
b : something diverting or engaging: such as (1) : a public performance (2) : a usually light comic or adventure novel
2 : the act of entertaining
3 a archaic : maintenance, provision
b obsolete : employment
162
century
Noun
a period of 100 years
♦ noun– plural ˈcenturies –
1 a (period of a) hundred years: the 19th century; for more than a century.
قرن
2 in cricket, a hundred runs: He has just made his second century this year.
تلاش صد امتیازی
163
ancient
Adjective
very old; of the distant past
♦ adjective
1 relating to times long ago, especially before the collapse of Rome: ancient history.
باستانی؛ کهن
2 very old: an ancient sweater.
کهنه
164
found
Verb
to start or establish an institution
found·ed; found·ing; founds
transitive verb
1 : to take the first steps in building
2 : to set or ground on something solid : base
3 : to establish (something) often with provision for future maintenance found an institution
165
venue
Noun
place where an event is held
1 a : locale; also : a place where events of a specific type are held music venues
b : outlet
2 a : the place from which a jury is drawn and in which trial is held requested a change of venue
b : the place or county in which take place the alleged events from which a legal action arises
c : a statement showing that a case is brought to the proper court or authority
166
popular
Adj
liked by many people
♦ adjective
1 liked by most people: a popular holiday resort; a popular person; She is very popular with children.
محبوب؛ پر طرفدار
2 believed by most people: a popular theory.
عمومی
3 of the people in general: popular rejoicing.
مردمی
4 easily read, understood etc by most people: a popular history of Britain.
غیر تخصصی
ˈpopularly
♦ adverb
amongst, or by, most people: He was popularly believed to have magical powers.
بطور همگانی
ˈpopuˈlarity [-ˈlӕ-]
♦ noun
the state of being well liked.
محبوبیت
ˈpopularize, *ˈpopularise
♦ verb
to make popular or widely known: She did much to popularize women's sport.
شناساندن؛ رایج کردن
167
spectator
Noun
a person who watches an event
♦ noun
a person who watches (an event): Fifty thousand spectators came to the match.
تماشاچي
specˈtate
♦ verb
to be a spectator (at an event).
168
exhibit
Noun
something shown to the public; a display
♦ verb
1 to show; to display to the public: My picture is to be exhibited in the art gallery.
به نمایش گذاشتن؛ نشان دادن
2 to show (a quality etc ): He exhibited a complete lack of concern for others.
بروز دادن؛ نشان دادن
♦ noun
1 an object displayed publicly (eg in a museum): One of the exhibits is missing.
کالای نمایشی؛ کار عرضه شده
2 an object or document produced in court as part of the evidence: The blood-stained scarf was exhibit number one in the murder trial.
مدرک؛ سند
exhibition [eksiˈbiʃən]
♦ noun
1 a public display (eg of works of art, industrial goods etc ): an exhibition of children's books.
به نمایش گذاری؛ عرضه
2 an act of showing or revealing: What an exhibition of bad temper!
نمود؛ عرضه
exˈhibitor
♦ noun
a person who provides an exhibit for a display etc : He is one of the exhibitors at the flower show.
عرضه کننده؛ نشان دهنده
169
exotic
Adj.
unusual; from a foreign place
♦ adjective
1 unusual or colourful: exotic clothes.
عجیب غریب
2 brought or introduced from a foreign country: exotic plants.
خارجی؛ بیگانه
170
renovation
Noun
repair or rebuilding
ren·o·vat·ed; ren·o·vat·ing
1 : to restore to a former better state (as by cleaning, repairing, or rebuilding)
2 : to restore to life, vigor, or activity : revive the church was renovated by a new ecumenical spirit
ren·o·va·tion noun
ren·o·va·tive adjective
ren·o·va·tor noun
171
massive
Adj
very big
♦ adjective
huge or heavy: a massive building; a massive burden of taxation.
حجیم وسنگین
ˈmassively
♦ adverb
به صورت گسترده
ˈmassiveness
♦ noun
حجیم
172
سرگرمی
entertainment
Noun
a performance or show
1 a : amusement or diversion provided especially by performers hired a band to provide entertainment
b : something diverting or engaging: such as (1) : a public performance (2) : a usually light comic or adventure novel
2 : the act of entertaining
3 a archaic : maintenance, provision
b obsolete : employment
173
قرن
century
♦ noun– plural ˈcenturies –
```
1 a (period of a) hundred years: the 19th century; for more than a century.
قرن
```
2 in cricket, a hundred runs: He has just made his second century this year.
تلاش صد امتیازی
174
باستانی؛ کهن
| کهنه
ancient
Adj.
very old; of the distant past
♦ adjective
1 relating to times long ago, especially before the collapse of Rome: ancient history.
باستانی؛ کهن
2 very old: an ancient sweater.
کهنه
175
```
تاسیس کردن
بنیاد نهادن
ریختن
قالب کردن
پایه زدن
```
found
Verb
to start or establish an institution
found·ed; found·ing; founds
transitive verb
1 : to take the first steps in building
2 : to set or ground on something solid : base
3 : to establish (something) often with provision for future maintenance found an institution
176
محل وقوع (حادثه)
venue
Noun
place where an event is held
1 a : locale; also : a place where events of a specific type are held music venues
b : outlet
2 a : the place from which a jury is drawn and in which trial is held requested a change of venue
b : the place or county in which take place the alleged events from which a legal action arises
c : a statement showing that a case is brought to the proper court or authority
177
محبوب؛ پرطرفدار
عمومی
مردمی
غیرتخصصی
popular
Adj.
liked by many people
♦ adjective
1 liked by most people: a popular holiday resort; a popular person; She is very popular with children.
محبوب؛ پر طرفدار
2 believed by most people: a popular theory.
عمومی
3 of the people in general: popular rejoicing.
مردمی
4 easily read, understood etc by most people: a popular history of Britain.
غیر تخصصی
ˈpopularly
♦ adverb
amongst, or by, most people: He was popularly believed to have magical powers.
بطور همگانی
ˈpopuˈlarity [-ˈlӕ-]
♦ noun
the state of being well liked.
محبوبیت
ˈpopularize, *ˈpopularise
♦ verb
to make popular or widely known: She did much to popularize women's sport.
شناساندن؛ رایج کردن
178
تماشاچی
spectator
Noun
a person who watches an event
♦ noun
a person who watches (an event): Fifty thousand spectators came to the match.
تماشاچي
specˈtate
♦ verb
to be a spectator (at an event).
179
به نمایش گذاشتن؛ نشان دادن
| بروز دادن؛ نشان دادن
exhibit
Noun
something shown to the public; a display
♦ verb
1 to show; to display to the public: My picture is to be exhibited in the art gallery.
به نمایش گذاشتن؛ نشان دادن
2 to show (a quality etc ): He exhibited a complete lack of concern for others.
بروز دادن؛ نشان دادن
♦ noun
1 an object displayed publicly (eg in a museum): One of the exhibits is missing.
کالای نمایشی؛ کار عرضه شده
2 an object or document produced in court as part of the evidence: The blood-stained scarf was exhibit number one in the murder trial.
مدرک؛ سند
exhibition [eksiˈbiʃən]
♦ noun
1 a public display (eg of works of art, industrial goods etc ): an exhibition of children's books.
به نمایش گذاری؛ عرضه
2 an act of showing or revealing: What an exhibition of bad temper!
نمود؛ عرضه
exˈhibitor
♦ noun
a person who provides an exhibit for a display etc : He is one of the exhibitors at the flower show.
عرضه کننده؛ نشان دهنده
180
عجیب و غریب
| خارجی و بیگانه
exotic
Adj.
unusual; from a foreign place
♦ adjective
1 unusual or colourful: exotic clothes.
عجیب غریب
2 brought or introduced from a foreign country: exotic plants.
خارجی؛ بیگانه
181
نوسازی
تعمیر
اصلاح
باز نوساخت
renovation
Noun
repair or rebuilding
ren·o·vat·ed; ren·o·vat·ing
1 : to restore to a former better state (as by cleaning, repairing, or rebuilding)
2 : to restore to life, vigor, or activity : revive the church was renovated by a new ecumenical spirit
ren·o·va·tion noun
ren·o·va·tive adjective
ren·o·va·tor noun
182
حجیم و سنگین
massive
♦ adjective
huge or heavy: a massive building; a massive burden of taxation.
حجیم وسنگین
ˈmassively
♦ adverb
به صورت گسترده
ˈmassiveness
♦ noun
حجیم
183
بقیه
پس مانده
Noun
a small leftover piece
remnant
♦ noun
a small piece or amount or a small number left over from a larger piece, amount or number: The shop is selling remnants of cloth at half price; the remnant of the army.
بقیه؛ پس مانده
184
Adv.
for always
به طور همیشگی
به طور دائمی
به طور ثابت
permanently
Adverb
1. for a long time without essential change; "he is permanently disabled"
185
Verb
to make something smaller
کاهش دادن؛ پایین آوردن
لاغر شدن؛ وزن کم کردن
تبدیل کردن
reduce
♦ verb
1 to make less, smaller etc : The shop reduced its prices; The train reduced speed.
کاهش دادن؛ پایین آوردن
2 to lose weight by dieting: I must reduce to get into that dress.
لاغر شدن؛ وزن کم کردن
3 to drive, or put, into a particular (bad) state: The bombs reduced the city to ruins; She was so angry, she was almost reduced to tears; During the famine, many people were reduced to eating grass and leaves.
تبدیل کردن
reˈducible
♦ adjective
ساده شدنی؛ تقلیل پذیر
reˈduction [-ˈdak-]
♦ noun
The government promised a reduction in prices later; price reductions.
کاهش
186
Noun
a small group
بند؛ تسمه
نوار
باند
band
♦ noun
1 a strip of material to put round something: a rubber band.
بند؛ تسمه
2 a stripe of a colour etc : a skirt with a band of red in it.
نوار
3 in radio etc , a group of frequencies or wavelengths: the medium waveband.
باند
187
Verb
to grow and change
توسعه یافتن؛ گسترش دادن
به تدریج کسب کردن؛ گرفتن
نمایان شدن؛ بروز کردن
ظاهر کردن (عکس)
develop
past tense, past participle developed –
♦ verb
1 to (cause to) grow bigger or to a more advanced state: The plan developed slowly in his mind; It has developed into a very large city.
توسعه یافتن؛ گسترش دادن
2 to acquire gradually: He developed the habit of getting up early.
به تدریج کسب کردن؛ گرفتن
3 to become active, visible etc : Spots developed on her face.
نمایان شدن؛ بروز کردن
4 to use chemicals to make (a photograph) visible: My brother develops all his own films.
ظاهر کردن
deˈvelopment
♦ noun
1 the process or act of developing: a crucial stage in the development of a child.
رشد؛ گسترش
2 something new which is the result of developing: important new developments in science.
رویداد
188
Noun
a special ability
استعداد
talent
♦ noun
a special ability or cleverness; a skill: a talent for drawing.
استعداد
ˈtalented
♦ adjective
(negative untalented ) naturally clever or skilful; having or showing great ability: a talented pianist.
با استعداد
189
Verb
to continue; stay alive
زنده ماندن
بیشتر عمر کردن
survive
♦ verb
1 to remain alive in spite of (a disaster etc ): Few birds managed to survive the bad winter; He didn't survive long after the accident.
زنده ماندن
2 to live longer than: He died in 1940 but his wife survived him by another twenty years; He is survived by his wife and two sons.
بيشتر عمر كردن
surˈvival
♦ noun
the state of surviving: the problem of survival in sub-zero temperatures; (also adjective ) survival equipment.
بقا
surˈviving
♦ adjective
remaining alive: She has no surviving relatives.
زنده ماندن
surˈvivor
♦ noun
a person who survives a disaster etc : There were no survivors of the air crash.
كسيكه خطر مرگ از سر گذرانده
190
Noun
greatness
شکوه
grandeur
♦ noun
great and impressive beauty: the grandeur of the Alps.
شکوه
191
Noun
the condition of being very overweight
مرض چاقی
فربهی
obesity
Noun
more than average fatness
192
```
Adj.
related to the body
جسمی
مادی
وابسته به علوم طبیعی
```
physical
♦ adjective
1 of the body: Playing football is one form of physical fitness.
جسمی
2 of things that can be seen or felt: the physical world.
مادی
3 of the laws of nature: It's a physical impossibility for a man to fly like a bird.
وابسته به علوم طبیعی
4 relating to the natural features of the surface of the Earth: physical geography.
چهری
5 relating to physics: physical chemistry.
فیزیکی
ˈphysically
♦ adverb
فیزیکی؛ از نظر جسمانی
physical ˈeducation
♦ noun(abbreviation )
PE; physical training (gymnastics) and sport taught as a subject at school.
ورزش
193
Adj.
very important
حیاتی؛ سرنوشت‌ساز
crucial
♦ adjective
involving a big decision; of the greatest importance: He took the crucial step of asking her to marry him; The next game is crucial – if we lose it we lose the match.
حیاتی؛ سرنوشت ساز
194
Adj.
related to thinking
فکری
عقلانی
ذهنی
خردمند
روشن
intellectual
فکری
عقلانی
ذهنی
خردمند
روشن‌فکر
1 a : of or relating to the intellect or its use
b : developed or chiefly guided by the intellect rather than by emotion or experience : rational
c : requiring use of the intellect intellectual games
2 a : given to study, reflection, and speculation
b : engaged in activity requiring the creative use of the intellect intellectual playwrights
in·tel·lec·tu·al·i·ty noun
in·tel·lec·tu·al·ly adverb
in·tel·lec·tu·al·ness noun
195
Adj.
overpowering; very large
فشارآور
مقاومت‌ناپذیر
سخت
زیاد
overwhelming
فشارآور
مقاومت‌ناپذیر
سخت
زیاد
: tending or serving to overwhelm overwhelming force overwhelming evidence; also : extreme, great overwhelming indifference an overwhelming majority
196
```
v.
to experience something difficult or painful
درد کشیدن
تجربه‌ی شکست کردن
از سر گذراندن
رنج کشیدن
```
suffer
♦ verb
1 to undergo, endure or bear pain, misery etc : He suffered terrible pain from his injuries; The crash killed him instantly – he didn't suffer at all; I'll make you suffer for this insolence.
درد كشيدن
2 to undergo or experience: The army suffered enormous losses.
تجربه شكست كردن
3 to be neglected: I like to see you enjoying yourself, but you mustn't let your work suffer.
از سر گذراندن
4 (with from ) to have or to have often (a particular illness etc ): She suffers from stomach-aches.
رنج كشيدن
ˈsuffering
♦ noun
(a feeling of) pain or misery: The shortage of food caused widespread suffering; She keeps complaining about her sufferings.
رنج
197
```
Adv.
Only
تنها
فقط
محضا
```
merely
and nothing more; "I was merely asking"
198
n.
a feeling such as anger or love
احساس؛
شور؛ هیجان
emotion
♦ noun
1 a (strong) feeling of any kind: Fear, joy, anger, love, jealousy are all emotions.
احساس
2 the moving or upsetting of the mind or feelings: He was overcome by/with emotion.
شور؛ هیجان
eˈmotional
♦ adjective
1 of the emotions: Emotional problems are affecting her work.
احساسی؛ عاطفی
2 (negative unemotional ) causing or showing emotion: an emotional farewell.
پرشور؛ هیجان زده
3 (negative unemotional ) (of a person) easily affected by joy, anger, grief etc : She is a very emotional person; She is very emotional.
احساساتی
eˈmotionally
♦ adverb
از نظر احساسی
199
V.
to refresh; restore
دوباره جوان کردن
جوان سازی؛ نوسازی؛ احیا
rejuvenate
♦ verb
to make young again.
دوباره جوان کردن
reˌjuveˈnation
♦ noun
جوان سازی؛ احیا
200
Adv.
intentionally; on purpose
عمداً
deliberately
عمداً
: in a deliberate manner: such as
a : with full awareness of what one is doing : in a way that is intended or planned trying deliberately to mislead us a deliberately harsh review It's very clear, however, that organizations funded in part by the fossil fuel industry have deliberately tried to undermine the public's understanding of the scientific consensus by promoting a few skeptics. — Joel Achenbach
b : in a way that is not hurried : slowly and carefully speaking clearly and deliberately He moves deliberately, almost cautiously, and he speaks with the assurance of someone who is accustomed to being listened to. — Alec Wilkinson
201
Adj.
not active
بی‌تفاوت؛ آرام
مجهول
passive
♦ adjective
1 showing no interest, emotion etc , or not resisting an attack etc : The villagers showed passive resistance to the enemy
بی تفاوت؛ آرام
2 of the form of the verb used when the subject receives the action of the verb: The boy was bitten by the dog.
مجهول
ˈpassively
♦ adverb
با بی تفاوتی
ˈpassiveness
♦ noun
بی تفاوتی
pasˈsivity
♦ noun
عدم فعالیت
202
N.
a free time activity
سرگرمی
pastime
♦ noun
an occupation which one enjoys and takes part in during one's spare time; a hobby: Playing chess is his favourite pastime.
سرگرمی
203
Adj.
not wanting to do something; unwilling
بی‌میل
reluctant
♦ adjective
unwilling: He was reluctant to accept the medal for his bravery.
بی میل
reˈluctantly
♦ adverb
با بی میلی
reˈluctance
♦ noun
I don't understand his reluctance to go.
اکراه؛ بیزاری
204
N.
| constant sadness
depression
1 : an act of depressing or a state of being depressed: such as
a (1) : a state of feeling sad : dejection anger, anxiety, and depression (2) : a mood disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies bouts of depression suffering from clinical depression
b (1) : a reduction in activity, amount, quality, or force a depression in trade (2) biology : a lowering of physical or mental vitality or of functional activity
c : a pressing down : lowering a depression of the tab key
2 economics : a period of low general economic activity marked especially by rising levels of unemployment heading towards a depression periods of economic depression
3 : a place or part that is lower than the surrounding area : a depressed place or part : hollow The chicken pox left several depressions in her skin.
4 meteorology : 4low a tropical depression
5 a astronomy : the angular distance of a celestial object below the horizon
b mathematics : the size of an angle of depression
205
N.
a person with power or special knowledge
اختیار؛ حق
کارشناس؛ مرجع
مسئولان امور
اقتدار
authority
plural auˈthorities –
♦ noun
1 the power or right to do something: He gave me authority to act on his behalf.
اختیار؛ حق
2 a person who is an expert, or a book that can be referred to, on a particular subject: He is an authority on Roman history.
کارشناس؛ مرجع
3 (usually in plural ) the person or people who have power in an administration etc : The authorities would not allow public meetings.
مسئولان امور
4 a natural quality in a person which makes him able to control and influence people: a man of authority.
اقتدار
auˌthoriˈtarian
♦ adjective
considering obedience to authority more important than personal freedom: an authoritarian government.
دیکتاتور؛ مستبد
auˈthoritative [-tətiv, (American) -teitiv]
♦ adjective
said or written by an expert or a person in authority: an authoritative opinion.
قابل اطمینان؛ موثق
206
```
V.
to admit, accept as true
اعتراف کردن
اعلام کردن
قدردانی کردن
محل گذاشتن؛ جواب سلام دادن
```
acknowledge
♦ verb
1 to admit as being fact: He acknowledged defeat; He acknowledged that I was right.
اعتراف کردن
2 to say (usually in writing) that one has received (something): He acknowledged the letter.
اعلام کردن
3 to give thanks for: He acknowledged their help.
قدردانی کردن
4 to greet someone: He acknowledged her by waving.
محل گذاشتن؛ جواب سلام دادن
acknowledg(e)ment
♦ noun
اعتراف؛ قدردانی
207
Adj.
easy to see, clear
واضح؛ بدیهی
obvious
♦ adjective
easily seen or understood; evident: It was obvious that she was ill; an obvious improvement.
واضح؛ بدیهی
ˈobviously
♦ adverb
it is clear (that something is the case): Obviously, I'll need some help.
بدیهی است که؛ بطور واضح
208
N.
a large piece
تکه‌ی کلفت
chunk
♦ noun
a thick piece of anything, as wood, bread etc : chunks of meat.
تکۀ کلفت
ˈchunky
♦ adjective
1 solid and strong: a chunky body.
ستبر و عضلانی
2 containing chunks.
دارای تکه های بزرگ؛ قلمبه سلمبه
209
Adj.
| hardworking
industrious
1 : constantly, regularly, or habitually active or occupied : diligent an industrious worker
2 obsolete : skillful, ingenious
in·dus·tri·ous·ly adverb
in·dus·tri·ous·ness noun
210
V.
to participate in something
```
استخدام کردن
رزرو کردن
جلب کردن؛ به سوی خود کشیدن
درگیر شدن
جا افتادن؛ تو دنده افتادن
```
engage
♦ verb
1 to begin to employ (a workman etc ): He engaged him as his assistant.
استخدام کردن
2 to book; to reserve: He has engaged an entertainer for the children's party.
رزرو کردن
3 to take hold of or hold fast; to occupy: to engage someone's attention.
جلب کردن؛ به سوی خود کشیدن
4 to join battle with: The two armies were fiercely engaged.
درگیر شدن
```
5 to (cause part of a machine etc to) fit into and lock with another part: The driver engaged second gear.
جا افتادن؛ تو دنده افتادن
```
enˈgaged
♦ adjective
1 bound by promise (especially to marry): She became engaged to John.
نامزد
2 (with in ) employed or occupied: She is engaged in social work.
شاغل
3 busy; not free; occupied: Please come if you are not already engaged for that evening; The room / telephone line is engaged.
مشغول
enˈgagement
♦ noun
the engagement of three new assistants; When shall we announce our engagement?; Have you any engagements tomorrow?; a naval engagement (= battle); (also adjective ) an engagement ring.
نامزدی؛ مشغولیت؛ وعده؛ نبرد
enˈgaging
♦ adjective
attractive: an engaging smile.
جذاب؛ دلنشین
211
Adj.
| difficult
tricky
trickier; trickiest
1 : inclined to or marked by trickery
2 a : giving a deceptive impression of easiness, simplicity, or order : ticklish a tricky path through the swamp
b : trick
3 : requiring skill, knack, or caution (as in doing or handling) : difficult a tricky problem; also : ingenious a tricky rhythm
trickily adverb
trickiness noun
212
V.
| to throw light on something
cast
past tense past participle cast –
♦ verb
1 to throw: The angler cast his line into the river; These facts cast new light on the matter; She cast him a look of hatred.
انداختن
2 to get rid of; to take off: Some snakes cast their skins.
ریختن؛ انداختن
3 to shape (metal etc ) by pouring into a mould: Metal is melted before it is cast.
قالب گیری کردن
4 to give a part in a play etc to: She was cast as Lady Macbeth.
نقش تعیین کردن
5 to select the actors for (a film etc ): The director is casting (the film) tomorrow.
هنرپیشه برگزیدن
6 to give (a vote): I cast my vote for the younger candidate.
دادن
♦ noun
1 a throw: At his third cast he caught a fish.
2 something made by moulding: The doctor put a plaster cast on his broken leg.
3 a mould: The hot metal is poured into a cast.
4 the complete set of actors in a play, opera etc : the whole cast of the play.
5 something that is ejected by certain animals, eg the earthworm: worm casts all over the grass.
ˈcastaway
♦ noun
a shipwrecked person.
درمانده؛ بی پناه
casting vote
the deciding vote of the chairman of a meeting when the other votes are equally divided.
رأی سرنوشت ساز
cast iron
unpurified iron melted and shaped in a mould.
چدن
ˈcast-iron
♦ adjective
1 made of cast iron: a cast-iron frying-pan.
چدنی
2 very strong: cast-iron muscles.
قوی؛ نیرومند
```
ˈcast-off
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
(a piece of clothing etc ) no longer needed: cast-off clothes; I don't want my sister's cast-offs.
دور انداختنی؛ بدرد نخور
```
cast off
1 to untie (the mooring lines of a boat).
باز کردن
2 (also cast aside ) to reject as unwanted.
دور انداختن؛ ول کردن
3 in knitting, to finish (the final row of stitches).
آخرین ردیف بافتنی را بافتن
cast on
in knitting, to make the first row of stitches.
اولین ردیف بافتنی را بافتن
213
Adj.
weak; without defense
آسیب‌پذیر
vulnerable
♦ adjective
unprotected against attack; liable to be hurt or damaged: Small animals are often vulnerable to attack.
آسیب پذیر
ˌvulneraˈbility
♦ noun
آسیب پذیری
214
N.
a terrible event
مصیبت؛ فاجعه
disaster
♦ noun
a terrible event, especially one that causes great damage, loss etc : The earthquake was the greatest disaster the country had ever experienced.
مصیبت؛ فاجعه
diˈsastrous
♦ adjective
مصیبت بار؛ فاجعه آمیز
diˈsastrously
♦ adverb
بطور مصیبت بار
215
Adj.
easy to carry
قابل حمل
portable
♦ adjective
able to be carried, or moved easily from place to place: a portable radio.
قابل حمل
portable computer
♦ noun
کامپیوتر کوچک و قابل حمل
216
N.
cargo carried by a train, truck, or ship
بار
کرایه بار
freight
♦ noun
1 goods being carried from place to place: air-freight; (also adjective ) a freight train.
بار
2 the money charged for carrying such goods: He charged me $100 freight.
کرایه بار
ˈfreighter
♦ noun
a ship (or aircraft) that carries freight rather than passengers.
کشتی یا هواپیمای باری
217
n.
a new idea or product
نوآوری
innovation
♦ noun
(the act of making) a change or a new arrangement etc : The new system in the school canteen was a welcome innovation.
نوآوری
ˈinnovator
♦ noun
مبتکر
218
N.
an object that produces light
(شخص یا چیز) روشن کننده، نور افکن، فروغ افکن
illuminator
noun
person or thing that illuminates; source of light; illustrator
219
N.
a hard bump in wood
گره (طناب)
گره (چوب)
گروه
گره (سرعت کشتی)
گره زدن
knot
♦ noun
1 a lump or join made in string, rope etc by twisting the ends together and drawing tight the loops formed: She fastened the string round the parcel, tying it with a knot.
گره
2 a lump in wood at the join between a branch and the trunk: This wood is full of knots.
گره
3 a group or gathering: a small knot of people
گروه
4 a measure of speed for ships (about 1.85 km per hour).
گره
♦ verb– past tense, past particple ˈknotted –
to tie in a knot: He knotted the rope around the post.
گره زدن
ˈknotty
♦ adjective
1 containing knots.
پر گره
2 (of a problem etc ) difficult: a knotty problem.
دشوار
220
N.
| the engine of a train
locomotive
♦ noun
a railway engine.
لوکوموتیو
ˌlocoˈmotion [-ˈməuʃən]
♦ noun
the process of moving from place to place.
نقل و انتقال
221
N.
an object that sends light back or makes it stronger
بازتابنده
جسم منعکس‌کننده/صیقلی
reflector
1 : one that reflects; especially : a polished surface for reflecting light or other radiation
2 : a telescope in which the principal focusing element is a mirror
222
V.
to make or produce
تولید کردن؛ ایجاد کردن
generate
♦ verb
to cause or produce: This machine generates electricity; His suggestions generated a lot of ill-feeling.
تولید کردن؛ ایجاد کردن
ˌgeneˈration
♦ noun
1 one stage in the descent of a family: All three generations – children, parents and grandparents – lived together quite happily.
نسل
2 people born at about the same time: People of my generation all think the same way about this.
نسل
the generation gap
♦ noun
the difference in views and the lack of understanding between younger and older people.
اختلاف نسل ها
ˈgenerator
♦ noun
a machine which produces electricity, gas etc : The hospital has an emergency generator.
ژنراتور
223
V.
to show or exhibit
آشکار کردن؛ به معرض نمایش گذاشتن
بروز دادن؛ نشان دادن
نمایش؛ عیان‌سازی
نمایش
نمایش‌دهنده
صفحه‌ی نمایش
display
♦ verb
1 to set out for show: The china was displayed in a special cabinet.
آشکار کردن؛ به معرض نمایش گذاشتن
2 to show: She displayed a talent for mimicry.
بروز دادن؛ نشان دادن
♦ noun
1 (an) act of showing or making clear: a display of military strength.
نمایش؛ عیان سازی
2 an entertainment etc intended to show the ability etc of those taking part: a dancing display.
نمایش
3 something which shows or sets out something else: an advertising display.
شی مورد نمایش
4 the part of a video recorder, calculator, digital watch etc that shows numbers, the date, time, or other information.
صفحه نمایش
224
Adj.
| very strong
intense
♦ adjective
very great: intense heat; intense hatred.
شدید
inˈtensely
♦ adverb
very much: I dislike that sort of behaviour intensely.
به شدت؛ زیاد
inˈtenseness
♦ noun
شدت
inˈtensity
♦ noun
the quality of being intense: the intensity of the heat.
شدت
inˈtensive [-siv]
♦ adjective
very great; showing or having great care etc : The police began an intensive search for the murderer; The hospital has just opened a new intensive care unit.
شدید؛ فشرده
inˈtensively
♦ adverb
بطور شدید
inˈtensiveness
♦ noun
شدت
225
```
N.
a problem; disadvantage
اشکال
مانع
زیان
بی‌فایدگی
```
drawback
1 : a refund of duties especially on an imported product subsequently exported or used to produce a product for export
2 : an objectionable feature : disadvantage The plan's only drawback is its cost.
226
V.
to provide with something
مجهز کردن
equip
♦ verb– past tense, past participle eˈquipped –
to fit out or provide with everything needed: He was fully equipped for the journey; The school is equipped with four computers.
مجهز کردن
eˈquipment
♦ noun
1 the clothes, machines, tools etc necessary for a particular kind of work, activity etc : The mechanic could not repair the car because he did not have the right equipment; The boy could not afford the equipment necessary for mountaineering.
وسایل؛ تجهیز
2 the act of equipping.
مجهز سازی
227
Adj.
able to work without waste
لایق؛ کارآمد
موثر؛ ثمربخش
efficient
♦ adjective
1 (of a person) capable; skilful: a very efficient secretary.
لایق؛ کارامد
2 (of an action, tool etc ) producing (quick and) satisfactory results: The new lawn mower is much more efficient than the old one.
موثر؛ ثمربخش
efˈficiently
♦ adverb
بطور موثر
efˈficiency
♦ noun
کارآیی؛ بازده
228
N.
| method
mode
♦ noun
1 a manner of doing something: an unusual mode of expression.
طریقه
2 a kind or type: modes of transport.
طرز
3 a fashion: Large hats are the latest mode.
مد
ˈmodish
♦ adjective
fashionable and smart.
شیک
ˈmodishly
♦ adverb
مد وار
229
```
Adj.
strict; firm
دقیق
سخت
تند و تیز
محکم بسته شده
```
stringent
1 : tight, constricted
2 : marked by rigor, strictness, or severity especially with regard to rule or standard stringent decontamination procedures
3 : marked by money scarcity and credit strictness a stringent budget
stringently adverb
230
Adj.
strong; able to stand rough treatment
صخره‌ای
سخت؛ تنومند؛ سختگیر
rugged
♦ adjective
1 rocky; uneven: rugged mountains.
صخره ای
2 strong; tough: a rugged character; He had rugged good looks; He is tall and rugged.
سخت؛ تنومند؛ سخت گیر
ˈruggedly
♦ adverb
به شدت؛ با ناهمواری
ˈruggedness
♦ noun
شدت؛ سختی
231
```
Adj.
basic
ذاتی
باطنی
حقیقی
طبیعی
ذهنی
اصلی
```
intrinsic
1 a : belonging to the essential nature or constitution of a thing the intrinsic worth of a gem the intrinsic brightness of a star
b : being or relating to a semiconductor in which the concentration of charge carriers is characteristic of the material itself instead of the content of any impurities it contains
2 a : originating or due to causes within a body, organ, or part an intrinsic metabolic disease
b : originating and included wholly within an organ or part intrinsic muscles — compare extrinsic
232
Adj.
| below the ground
underground
♦ adjective
below the surface of the ground: underground railways; underground streams.
زیرزمینی
♦ adverb
1 (to a position) under the surface of the ground: Rabbits live underground.
در زیر زمین
2 into hiding: He will go underground if the police start looking for him.
بطور پنهانی؛ مخفیانه
[ˈandəgraund]noun
(American ˈsubway ) an underground railway: She hates travelling by/on the underground.
مترو
233
N.
the main or most important feature
بخش عمده
centerpiece
1 : an object occupying a central position; especially : an adornment in the center of a table
2 : one that is of central importance or interest in a larger whole the centerpiece of a political agenda
234
N.
a person traveling on foot
عابر پیاده
بی‌روح؛ پیش پا افتاده
pedestrian
♦ noun
a person who travels on foot: Three pedestrians were hit by the car.
عابر پیاده
♦ adjective
ordinary; rather boring or unexciting: a pedestrian account.
بی روح؛ پیش پا افتاده
235
```
V.
to fill so much as to make movement difficult
کفش چوبی
مسدود کردن
زیادی پر کردن
```
clog
♦ noun
1 a shoe made entirely of wood: Dutch clogs.
کفش چوبی
2 a shoe with a wooden sole.
کفشی با کفه چوبی
verb
1 a : to impede with a clog : hinder
b : to halt or retard the progress, operation, or growth of : encumber restraints that have been clogging the market — T. W. Arnold
2 a : to fill beyond capacity : overload cars clogged the main street — often used with up petty cases clogging up the courts
b : to cause blockage in — often used with up arteries clogged up by cholesterol
intransitive verb
1 : to become filled with extraneous matter — often used with up
2 : to unite in a mass : clot
3 : to dance a clog dance
clogger noun
236
```
Adj.
stopping the usual course of activity
نفاق افکن
درهم گسیخته
مختل‌کننده
```
disruptive
: disrupting or tending to disrupt some process, activity, condition, etc. : causing or tending to cause disruption a disruptive weather pattern It is hoped that, if the child learns that disruptive behavior brings no rewards, his tantrums will diminish and perhaps stop. — Susan Sheehan In recent years, airlines began to carry plastic handcuffs as a way to restrain disruptive passengers. — Erik Holm Other teammates marvel at how easily he morphs from a mild-mannered family man in the locker room into a disruptive force on the field. — Jefri Chadiha
dis·rup·tive·ly adverb acting disruptively
dis·rup·tive·ness noun … the disruptiveness of climatic change will depend strongly on the rate of change. — Roger Revelle
237
```
V.
to let something out
رها کردن؛ آزاد کردن
خلاص کردن
منتشر کردن
عرضه کردن
```
آزادی
انتشار
release
♦ verb
1 to set free; to allow to leave: He was released from prison yesterday; I am willing to release him from his promise to me.
رها کردن؛ آزاد کردن
2 to stop holding etc ; to allow to move, fall etc : He released (his hold on) the rope.
رها کردن
3 to move (a catch, brake etc ) which prevents something else from moving, operating etc : He released the handbrake and drove off.
خلاص کردن
4 to allow (news etc ) to be made known publicly: The list of winners has just been released.
منتشر کردن
5 to offer (a film, record etc ) to the general public: Their latest record will be released next week.
عرضه کردن
♦ noun
1 the act of releasing or being released: After his release, the prisoner returned to his home town; the release of a new film; (also adjective ) the release catch.
آزادی
2 something that is released: This record is their latest release; The Government issued a press release (= a statement giving information about something, sent or given to newspapers, reporters etc ).
انتشار
238
N.
an opening to let air, steam, or smoke out
هواکش؛ منفذ
خالی کردن
vent
♦ noun
a hole to allow air, smoke etc to pass out or in: an air-vent.
هواکش؛ منفذ
♦ verb
to give expression or an outlet to (an emotion etc ): He was angry with himself and vented his rage on his son by beating him violently.
خالی کردن
give vent to
to express (an emotion etc ) freely: He gave vent to his anger in a furious letter to the newspaper.
بیرون ریختن؛ آشکار کردن
239
```
N.
the working of something; being used
عمل
عمل جراحی
بهره‌برداری
عملکرد
ساخت
```
operation
1 : performance of a practical work or of something involving the practical application of principles or processes Practice until you can go through the whole operation without hesitation or thinking.
2 a : an exertion of power or influence the operation of a drug
b : the quality or state of being functional or operative The plant is now in operation.
c : a method or manner of functioning a machine of very simple operation
3 : efficacy, potency — archaic except in legal usage
4 : a procedure performed on a living body usually with instruments especially for the repair of damage or defect or the restoration of health needed an operation to remove his appendix
5 : any of various mathematical or logical processes (such as addition) of deriving one entity from others according to a rule Multiplication is one mathematical operation.
6 a : a usually military action, mission, or maneuver including its planning and execution military operations for a large-scale invasion
b op·er·a·tions plural : the office on the flight line of an airfield where pilots file clearance for flights and where flying from the field is controlled
c operations plural : the agency of an organization charged with carrying on the principal planning and operating functions of a headquarters and its subordinate units
7 : a business transaction especially when speculative continued his operations in cotton futures
8 : a single step performed by a computer in the execution of a program (see 1program)
9 : a usually small business or establishment ran a struggling operation
240
N.
the act of ruining something
تخریب؛ انهدام
نابودی؛ تباهی
destruction
♦ noun
1 the act or process of destroying or being destroyed: the destruction of the city.
تخریب؛ انهدام
2 the state of being destroyed; ruin: a scene of destruction.
نابودی؛ تباهی
desˈtructive [-tiv]
♦ adjective
1 causing or able to cause destruction: Small children can be very destructive.
ویرانگر؛ خراب کننده
2 (of criticism etc ) pointing out faults etc without suggesting improvements.
غیرسازنده؛ منفی
deˈstructively
♦ adverb
بطور مخرب
deˈstructiveness
♦ noun
ویرانگری
241
V.
to make bigger
گسترده کردن؛ پهن کردن
expand
♦ verb
to make or grow larger; to spread out wider: Metals expand when heated; He does exercises to expand his chest; The school's activities have been expanded to include climbing and mountaineering.
گسترده کردن؛ پهن کردن
exˈpanse [-s]
♦ noun
a wide area or extent: an expanse of water.
گستره
exˈpansion [-ʃən]
♦ noun
the act or state of expanding: the expansion of metals.
گسترش؛ انبساط
242
```
N.
something that serves as protection
پوشش
حامی
سپر
```
حفاظت کردن
پوشش دادن
shield
♦ noun
1 a broad piece of metal, wood etc carried as a protection against weapons.
پوشش
2 something or someone that protects: A thick steel plate acted as a heat shield.
حامي
3 a trophy shaped like a shield won in a sporting competition etc : My son has won the archery shield.
سپر
♦ verb
(often with from )
1 to protect: The goggles shielded the motorcyclist's eyes from dust.
حفاظت كردن
2 to prevent from being seen clearly: That group of trees shields the house from the road.
پوشش دادن
243
N. the outer part or top of something
سطح
ظاهر
رویه کشیدن
روی آب آمدن
surface
♦ noun
1 the outside part (of anything): Two-thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water; This road has a very uneven surface.
سطح
2 the outward appearance of, or first impression made by, a person or thing: On the surface he seems cold and unfriendly, but he's really a kind person.
ظاهر
♦ verb
1 to put a surface on (a road etc ): The road has been damaged by frost and will have to be surfaced again.
رويه كشيدن
2 (of a submarine, diver etc ) to come to the surface.
روي آب آمدن
surface mail
mail sent by ship, train etc and not by aeroplane.
پست زميني
244
V.
to compete with
رقیب
رقابت کردن
rival
♦ noun
a person etc who tries to compete with another; a person who wants the same thing as someone else: For students of English, this dictionary is without a rival; The two brothers are rivals for the girl next door – they both want to marry her; (also adjective ) rival companies; rival teams.
رقیب
♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈrivalled , (American ) ˈrivaled –
to (try to) be as good as someone or something else: He rivals his brother as a chess-player; Nothing rivals football for excitement and entertainment.
رقابت کردن
ˈrivalry– plural ˈrivalries –
♦ noun
the state of or an instance of being rivals: the rivalry/rivalries between business companies.
رقابت؛ همچشمی
245
N.
the style of a building
معماری
سبک معماری
architecture
1 : the art or science of building; specifically : the art or practice of designing and building structures and especially habitable ones
2 a : formation or construction resulting from or as if from a conscious act the architecture of the garden
b : a unifying or coherent form or structure a novel that lacks architecture
3 : architectural product or work buildings that comprise the architecture of the square
4 : a method or style of building Gothic architecture
5 : the manner in which the components of a computer or computer system are organized and integrated different program architectures
246
```
V.
to make an object or place beautiful
تزیین کردن؛ آراستن
رنگ زدن؛ کاغذدیواری کردن
مدال دادن؛ نشان افتخار دادن
```
decorate
♦ verb
1 to add some kind of ornament etc to (something) to make more beautiful, striking etc : We decorated the Christmas tree with glass balls.
تزئین کردن؛ آراستن
2 to put paint, paper etc on the walls, ceiling and woodwork of (a room): He spent a week decorating the living-room.
رنگ زدن؛ کاغذ دیواری کردن
3 to give a medal or badge to (someone) as a mark of honour: He was decorated for his bravery.
مدال دادن؛ نشان افتخار دادن
ˌdecoˈration
♦ noun
1 something used to decorate: Christmas decorations.
وسیلۀ تزئین؛ آذین
2 the act of decorating: The decoration of the house will be a long job.
تزئین کردن
ˈdecorative [-rətiv]
♦ adjective
ornamental or beautiful (especially if not useful): a decorative arrangement of flowers.
تزئینی
ˈdecorator
♦ noun
a person who decorates rooms, houses etc : He was a painter and decorator.
دکوراتور؛ طراح داخلی
247
N.
a setting in which to present something
ویترین
جعبه
در ویترین نمایش دادن
showcase
1 : a glazed case, box, or cabinet for displaying and protecting wares in a store or articles in a museum
2 : a setting, occasion, or medium for exhibiting something or someone especially in an attractive or favorable aspect
248
V.
to use
به کار گرفتن
utilize
♦ verb
to find a useful purpose for (something): The extra money is being utilized to buy books for the school library.
به کار گرفتن
ˌutiliˈzation, *ˌutiliˈsation
♦ noun
به کارگیری
249
```
N.
central office for a military commander
مرکز فرماندهی
مرکز کار
برج نظارت
```
headquarters
1 : a place from which a commander performs the functions of command
2 : the administrative center of an enterprise
250
V.
to appear
پدید آمدن
spring up
to start to exist suddenly:
Thousands of new businesses have sprung up in the past couple of years.
251
V.
to cross
وجب کردن
span
♦ noun
1 the length between the supports of a bridge or arch: The first span of the bridge is one hundred metres long.
دهانه
2 the full time for which anything lasts: Seventy or eighty years is the normal span of a man's life.
دوره
♦ verb– past tense, past participle spanned –
to stretch across: A bridge spans the river.
پل زدن
252
Adj.
related to the city
شهری
urban
♦ adjective
of, consisting of, or living in, a city or town: He dislikes urban life; urban traffic.
شهری
253
Adj.
related to the countryside
روستایی؛ رعیتی
rural
♦ adjective
of the countryside: a rural area.
روستایی؛ رعیتی
