Focus On Vocabulary 1 Flashcards

Question

layout

Answer 1

1 the way in which something such as a town or building is arranged + of ▪The person who decides the layout of your local supermarket is a choice architect. ▪ He wasn't familiar with the layout of the building. 2 the way in which writing and pictures are arranged on a page + of ▪ the layout of text on the page

Answer 2

1shelf [countable] a long flat narrow board fastened to a wall or in a frame or cupboard, that you can put things on: ▪ shelves of books ▪ supermarket shelves top/bottom shelf ▪ Put it back on the top shelf. ▪ boxes that take up a lot of shelf space 2 off the shelf: available to be bought immediately, without having to be specially designed or ordered: ▪ off-the-shelf computer software packages 3 on the shelf: if a plan, idea etc. is on the shelf, it is not used or considered: ▪ The proposal will have to be put on the shelf until we can get more funding. 4 [countable] earth science a narrow surface of rock or ice shaped like a shelf 5 fly off the shelves: to be sold in large numbers: ▪ We can't keep the toy in stock - it's just been flying off the shelves

Answer 3

1stack a neat pile of things, one on top of the other SYN pile + of ▪ a stack of books ▪ stacks of unopened boxes 2 the stacks [plural] the rows of shelves in the part of a library where most of the books are kept 3 a stack of something also stacks of something informal a large amount: ▪ We get stacks of junk mail every day. 4 computers: a temporary store of information on a computer 5 a tall chimney 6 a large pile of grain, grass etc. that is stored outside

Answer 4

1 [transitive] if someone in authority imposes a rule, tax, punishment etc., they force people to accept it: ▪ Troops were sent to the region to impose order. impose something on somebody ▪ The new law imposes fines on the parents of children who break the curfew. impose restrictions/sanctions/penalties etc. ▪ The U.N. imposed restrictions on flights over the area. 2 [transitive] to force someone to have the same ideas, beliefs etc. as you impose something on somebody ▪ Teachers may not impose their religious beliefs on their students. 3 [intransitive] to expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them: ▪ No, we'll find a motel - we don't want to impose. + on/upon ▪ I'm sorry if I imposed on you. 4 [transitive] to have a bad effect on someone or something by causing them problems impose a burden/hardship etc. (on somebody/something) ▪ A higher sales tax would impose an unfair burden on poorer Americans.

Answer 5

an official order that forbids something from being used or done + on ▪ a ban on cigarette advertising

Answer 6

to refuse to buy something, use something, or take part in something as a way of protesting about a situation, action etc.: ▪ Six countries have threatened to boycott the Olympics.

Answer 7

in a gentle way: ▪ Don gently kissed her on the cheek. They would like to see designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices.

Answer 8

1 kind and careful in the way you behave, so that you do not hurt or damage anyone or anything: ▪ a gentle person ▪ a gentle smile + with ▪ Be gentle with the baby. 2 not too strong or forceful, or not using too much effort: ▪ gentle exercise ▪ the gentle pressure of her hand ▪ the gentle warmth of the fire 3 a gentle wind or rain is soft and light SYN light: ▪ a gentle breeze 4 a gentle hill or slope is not very steep or sharp; OPP steep

Answer 9

1 something that you say or do that helps someone guess what you really want or mean: ▪ Come on, just give me a hint. ▪ He's been dropping hints (=giving hints indirectly) that he might not return next year. ▪ I said I was busy but he didn't take the hint (=understand my hint, and go away). a strong/heavy/clear hint (=hint in which it is very clear what someone means) 2 a very small amount or sign of something + of ▪ a hint of anger in his voice ▪ a hint of sweetness in the wine ▪ At the first hint of trouble, he left. ▪ There is no hint of humor in the book (=no humor at all). 3 a useful piece of advice about how to do something + on ▪ hints on how to avoid injuring your back handy/helpful hints (=useful hints)

Answer 10

1 to decide what group something belongs to according to a system classify something as something ▪ Whales are classified as mammals rather than fish. classify something into something ▪ Headaches can be classified into two major categories. classify something by/according to something ▪ If children are classifying the beads by color, they ignore the shape. 2 to make information or documents secret: ▪ The military has classified the results of the weapons test. —classifiable adjective

Answer 11

``` 1 to quickly look at someone or something + at/toward/up etc. ▪ He glanced at his watch. ▪ Gary glanced over his shoulder. ►see thesaurus box at look ``` 2 to read something very quickly + at/over etc. ▪ Susan glanced at the menu. glance off phrasal verb 1 to hit a surface at an angle and then move away from it in another direction: ▪ The bullet glanced off the side of the car. 2 if light glances off something, it flashes or shines back from it: ▪ The beam of his flashlight glanced off something in the water.

Answer 12

1 extremely wet + with ▪ The pillow was saturated with blood. ►see thesaurus box at wet 2 completely filled with something or a large number of things + with ▪ The system is saturated with fraud and corruption. 3 chemistry if a chemical mixture is saturated, it has had as much of a solid dissolved (=mixed until it has become part of the liquid ) into it as possible: ▪ a saturated salt solution 4 the market (for something) is saturated used to say that so much of a product has been offered for sale that people do not want to buy any more things of that kind

Answer 13

biology nutrients are substances that provide what is needed for all living organisms to live and grow: ▪ Plants absorb nutrients from the soil. [Origin: 1600–1700 Latin, present participle of nutrire to feed, nourish] —nutrient adjective

Answer 14

used to warn someone to be careful because something is dangerous + of ▪ Beware of the dog! ▪ The department warned consumers to beware.

Answer 15

1 in moderation: if you do something that could be bad for you in moderation, you do not do it too much: ▪ Drinking alcohol is fine, as long as you do it in moderation. 2 [uncountable] formal: control of your behavior, so that you keep your actions, feelings, habits etc. within reasonable or sensible limits; OPP excess + in ▪ Matsuyama's secret to a long life is moderation in eating. 3 [countable, uncountable] formal: reduction in force, degree, speed etc. + in/of ▪ a need for moderation in labor costs ▪ a recent moderation in prices

Answer 16

♦ verb 1 to seize, grasp or take suddenly: He grabbed a biscuit. قاپیدن؛ به زور گرفتن 2 to get by rough or illegal means: Many people tried to grab land when oil was discovered in the district. بالا کشیدن ♦ noun a sudden attempt to grasp or seize: He made a grab at the boy. گرفتن با زور و ناگهانی grab at to try to grasp, seize or take, not necessarily successfully: He grabbed at the boy; He grabbed at the chance to leave. تلاش برای گرفتن چیزی

Answer 17

1 [intransitive, transitive] to let yourself do or have something that you enjoy, especially something that is considered bad for you + in ▪ A funeral is not an appropriate time to indulge in gossip. indulge yourself ▪ If you're dieting, indulge yourself once in a while (=eat what you want). indulge your fantasy/passion/taste etc. ▪ I have to indulge my craving for chocolate a few times a week. 2 [transitive] to let someone have or do whatever they want, even if it is bad for them: ▪ Parents should avoid indulging their children. 3 [intransitive] to take part in an activity, especially an illegal or immoral one + in ▪ Women do not indulge in crime to the same extent as men.

Answer 18

1 to experience problems, difficulties, or opposition when you are trying to do something encounter problems/difficulties/obstacles etc. ▪ This was easily the best website we encountered during our search of real estate agents. encounter opposition/resistance ▪ The reforms have encountered fierce opposition. 2 formal to meet someone or experience something without planning to: ▪ the best website we've encountered so far

Answer 19

``` not happening often SYN rare: ▪ Rain is infrequent in this region of the world. decision that is made infrequently —infrequently adverb —infrequency noun [uncountable] ```

Answer 20

moderation

Answer 21

indulge (in)

Answer 22

infrequently

Answer 23

1 to give something useful to a person or an organization that needs help donate something to somebody/something ▪ One school donated $500 to the Red Cross. donate to somebody/something ▪ I never donate to charities who call me on the phone. ►see thesaurus box at give 2 donate blood/organs etc. to give some of your blood or part of your body to be used for medical purposes: ▪ We are looking for people to donate blood.

Answer 24

1 used to say that something happens or is true even though something else might have prevented it SYN in spite of: ▪ Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks. ▪ She was hired despite the fact that she had no background in science. 2 despite yourself: if you do something despite yourself, you do it although you did not intend to: ▪ Jessie realized that, despite herself, she cared about Edward.

Answer 25

1 a plan or desire to do something have no intention of doing something ▪ I have no intention of moving again anytime soon. ▪ Perez bought the house with the intention of fixing it up and reselling it. + that ▪ It was always the intention that the convention be held in Kobe. somebody's intention to do something ▪ It was always my attention to pay you back. ▪ I have every intention of (=definitely plan on) reporting him to the police. 2 good intentions also the best (of) intentions a desire to do something good or kind, especially when you do not succeed in doing it: ▪ They have good intentions, but they never finish anything. 3 what are your intentions (toward somebody)? old-fashioned or humorous used to ask someone whether or not they plan to marry someone else

Answer 26

1 [countable, uncountable] a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc.: ▪ serious political conflict ▪ With so many people around there are bound to be some conflicts. + between ▪ the conflict between tradition and innovation + with ▪ A school counselor helped Jason resolve a conflict with one of his teachers. + over ▪ conflicts over wages ▪ Nina seems to be permanently in conflict with her superiors. ▪ Andy's management style has brought him into conflict with colleagues. ▪ The medical community often comes into conflict with politicians. political/social/industrial conflict ▪ the social and political conflict of the 1930s 2 [countable, uncountable] a situation in which you have to choose between two or more opposing things + of ▪ a conflict of loyalties + between ▪ conflict between the demands of work and family ▪ The principles of democracy are sometimes in conflict with political reality. 3 [countable] something that you have to do at the same time that someone wants you to do something different: ▪ Sorry, I have a conflict on Friday. Can we move the meeting to Monday? 4 [countable, uncountable] fighting or a war: ▪ Will this peace settlement bring an end to years of conflict? armed/military/violent conflict ▪ Armed conflict may be unavoidable. ►see thesaurus box at war 5 [countable, uncountable] a situation in which you have two opposite feelings about something: ▪ an inner conflict between his religious beliefs and his drinking 6 [countable] eng. lang. arts a situation in a book, play, movie etc. in which different characters or forces oppose each other in a way that causes or influences the action of the story: ▪ The central conflict in the story is between the boy and his father.

Answer 27

1 a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearlyI get/catch a glimpse of ▪ Fans waited to catch a glimpse of their favorite stars. brief/fleeting/quick glimpse ▪ We got a quick glimpse of the mountains before the clouds covered them again. 2 a short experience of something that helps you begin to understand it: ▪ a glimpse of what life was like for the early settlers

Answer 28

1 [intransitive, transitive] to give money, help, ideas etc. to something that a lot of other people are also involved in: ▪ You can contribute by donating goods to sell. contribute something to/toward something ▪ Three businessmen each contributed $100,000 to the fund. + to ▪ Japan contributed to the cost of the research. 2 contribute to something to be one of the causes or features of something: ▪ Alcohol contributes to over 100,000 deaths a year in America. 3 [intransitive, transitive] to write articles, stories, poems etc. for a newspaper or magazine: ▪ Several hundred people contributed articles, photographs, and cartoons. 4 [intransitive, transitive] to say something or express an idea or opinion during a conversation, meeting etc.: ▪ Does anyone else have anything to contribute? contribute (something) to something ▪ Many important writers have contributed to this debate.

Answer 29

1 [transitive usually passive] if you are obliged to do something, you have to do it because the situation, the law, a duty etc. makes it necessary SYN obligate oblige somebody to do something ▪ The law obliges drivers to wear seat belts. ▪ The boat had sailed, so I was obliged to spend another week in the town. ▪ The job demanded a lot of overtime, and she felt obliged to do it. 2 [intransitive, transitive] to do something that someone has asked you to do: ▪ They wanted to talk about the contract, and I obliged them. ▪ If you need a ride home, I'd be happy to oblige. 3 I/we would be obliged if: used in formal letters to ask someone to do something for you: ▪ I would be obliged if you could send me a copy. 4 (I'm/we're) much obliged: spoken old-fashioned used to thank someone very politely

Answer 30

1 demanding that rules be obeyed: ▪ a strict teacher + about ▪ The hospital is very strict about visiting hours. + with ▪ Mom and Dad were always very strict with us kids. 2 a strict order or rule is one that must be obeyed: ▪ strict laws against drugs ▪ I'm telling you this in the strictest confidence (=it must be kept completely secret). 3 [usually before noun] exact and correct, often in a way that seems unreasonable: ▪ The book is not actually "autobiographical" in the strict sense. 4 a strict Muslim/vegetarian etc. someone who obeys all the rules of a particular religion, belief etc.

Answer 31

قرض دادن

Answer 32

lack of integrity or honesty (especially susceptibility to bribery); use of a position of trust for dishonest gain

Answer 33

careful to avoid danger or risks SYN careful: ▪ a cautious driver + about ▪ Be cautious about giving out your phone number. ▪ Both sides have expressed cautious optimism that an agreement will soon be reached (=they are hoping for a good result, but are being careful not to expect too much). —cautiously adverb: ▪ Sara opened the door cautiously. —cautiousness noun [uncountable]

Answer 34

♦ verb 1 to try to persuade or request earnestly (someone to do something): He urged her to drive carefully; `Come with me,' he urged. خواستار شدن 2 to try to convince a person of (eg the importance of, or necessity for, some action): He urged (on them) the necessity for speed. تاکید کردن ♦ noun a strong impulse or desire: I felt an urge to hit him. تمایل شدید urge on to drive or try to persuade (a person etc ) to go on or forwards: He urged himself on in spite of his weariness. ترغیب کردن

Answer 35

almost never SYN rarely: ▪ She seldom eats at home. ▪ Council meetings are seldom longer than an hour. ▪ Seldom have I read such a powerful book.

Answer 36

to completely get rid of or destroy something: ▪ He spoke about what is necessary to eradicate AIDS. eradicate something from something ▪ an attempt to eradicate bullying from the school —eradication /ɪˌrædəˈkeɪʃən/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 37

♦ verb to get rid of; to omit or exclude: He was eliminated from the tennis match in the first round. حذف کردن؛ دفع کردن eˌlimiˈnation ♦ noun حذف؛ نابودی

Answer 38

1 happening sometimes but not often: ▪ She still has occasional headaches. the/an occasional something ▪ I drink the occasional glass of wine, but not much else. 2 doing something sometimes but not often: ▪ an occasional smoker 3 formal written or intended for a special occasion: ▪ occasional poems

Answer 39

a person who is in charge; "the head of the whole operation"

Answer 40

a person who is in charge; "the head of the whole operation"

Answer 41

♦ adjective 1 faint or delicate in quality, and therefore difficult to describe or explain: There is a subtle difference between `unnecessary' and `not necessary'; a subtle flavour. نامحسوس 2 clever or cunning: He has a subtle mind. هوشمندانه subtlety [ˈsatlti] ♦ noun بطرز هوشمندانه ˈsubtly ♦ adverb هوشمندي

Answer 42

separated in space or time or coming from or going to a distance; "the distant past"; "distant villages"; "the sound of distant traffic"; "a distant sound"; "a distant telephone call" (antonym) close (similar) away(p) (attribute) distance

Answer 43

♦ noun 1 a usually strong-smelling, sharp-tasting vegetable substance used to flavour food (eg pepper or nutmeg): We added cinnamon and other spices. ادويه 2 anything that adds liveliness or interest: Her arrival added spice to the party. طعم ♦ verb to flavour with spice: The curry had been heavily spiced. ادويه زدن spiced ♦ adjective containing spice(s): The dish was heavily spiced. پر ادويه ˈspicy ♦ adjective tasting or smelling of spices: a spicy cake; He complained that the sausages were too spicy for him. ˈspiciness ♦ noun

Answer 44

very bad, or ending in failure: ▪ disastrous floods ▪ a disastrous early marriage disastrous effects/consequences ▪ The attack failed, with disastrous consequences. —disastrously adverb

Answer 45

1 material used to insulate something, especially a building 2 the act of insulating something or the state of being insulated: ▪ Blankets provided insulation against the cold.

Answer 46

contribute

Answer 47

corruption

Answer 48

occasional

Answer 49

disastrous

Answer 50

insulation

Answer 51

♦ noun a written composition; a piece of written prose: The examination consists of four essays; Write an essay on/about your holiday. مقاله

Answer 52

♦ noun 1 the quality of being of many different kinds or of being varied: There's a great deal of variety in this job. تنوع 2 a mixed collection or range: The children got a variety of toys on their birthdays. انواع مختلف 3 a sort or kind: They grow fourteen different varieties of rose. نوع 4 a type of mixed theatrical entertainment including dances, songs, short sketches etc : I much prefer operas to variety; (also adjective ) a variety show. واریته

Answer 53

Noun | 1. a duty that you are assigned to perform (especially in the armed forces);

Answer 54

♦ verb 1 to show clearly: This demonstrates his ignorance of the situation. نشان دادن؛ آشکار کردن 2 to show how something works or is done: He demonstrated how the new vacuum cleaner worked. نشان دادن 3 to express an opinion (usually political) by marching, showing banners etc in public: A crowd collected to demonstrate against the new taxes. تظاهرات کردن ˌdemonˈstration ♦ noun 1 a display or exhibition (of how something works etc ): I'd like a demonstration of this dishwasher. نمایش طرز کار 2 (also ˈdemo [ˈdemou] – plural ˈdemos ) a public expression of opinion by holding meetings and processions, showing placards etc . تظاهرات ˈdemonstrator ♦ noun 1 a person who takes part in a public demonstration. تظاهر کننده 2 a teacher or assistant who helps students with practical work. دستیار demonstrative ♦ adjective ♦ pronounany one of the words this, *that, *these or those اشاره

Answer 55

1 something you say or write publicly or officially to let people know your intentions or opinions, or to record facts + that ▪ The statement that boys are good at math and girls are not is plainly wrong. + about/on ▪ He made several negative statements about her performance. make/issue/give a statement (=say something in a very official way) ▪ Vernon issued a statement today, confirming his resignation. ▪ In a sworn statement (=one that you officially say is true), Thomas denied any improper behavior. get/take a statement (=officially write down what someone says) ▪ Brady took statements from both witnesses. public/official statement ▪ School administrators have made a number of public statements about this issue. false/inaccurate/misleading statement (=one that is wrong) ▪ He was accused of making false statements in court. → see also mission statement 2 a list showing amounts of money paid, received, owing etc. and their total: ▪ a bank statement ▪ the company's annual financial statement 3 something you do, make, wear etc. that causes people to have a particular opinion about you: ▪ The type of car you drive makes a statement about who you are.

Answer 56

1 argument [countable] a situation in which two or more people disagree, often angrily + with ▪ I broke the vase during an argument with my husband. + about/over ▪ an argument over who was at fault ▪ Henning told the police she and her husband had an argument before he left. ▪ I got into an argument with the other driver. ▪ Shelton and the woman had a heated argument (=very angry argument). 2 [countable] a set of reasons that show that something is true or untrue, right or wrong etc.: ▪ Rose presented a good argument. ``` + for/against ▪ a powerful argument against smoking ▪ the arguments in favor of gun control argument that ▪ the familiar argument that poverty breeds crime ``` 3 [uncountable] the act of disagreeing or questioning something: ▪ Nathan accepted the decision without argument. ▪ I'm not sure that's an accurate description, but for the sake of argument (=in order to discuss all the possibilities) I'll accept it.

Answer 57

1 outline the main ideas or facts about something, without all the details: ▪ In a short statement, Wilson gave an outline of his plans. ▪ an outline agreement ▪ The events are familiar, at least in outline, to most of the students. a broad/rough/general outline (=a very general outline) 2 a plan for a piece of writing in which each new idea is separately written down + of/for ▪ The professor wants an outline of our papers by Friday. 3 a line around the edge of something which shows its shape but no details: ▪ She drew an outline around the shape.

Answer 58

♦ noun 1 the condition in which a thing or person is: the bad state of the roads; The room was in an untidy state; He inquired about her state of health; What a state you're in!; He was not in a fit state to take the class. وضع 2 a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; (also adjective ) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries. مملكت 3 ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; (also adjective ) state occasions/banquets. تشريفات رسمي ˈstately ♦ adjective noble, dignified and impressive in appearance or manner: She is tall and stately; a stately house. رسمي ˈstateliness ♦ noun شكوه ˈstatesman [ˈsteits-] ♦ noun a person who plays an important part in the government of a state. دولتمرد ˈstatesmanlike [ˈsteits-] ♦ adjective showing the qualities of a good statesman. دولتمرد مانند ˈstatesmanship [ˈsteits-] ♦ noun skill in directing the affairs of a state. دولتمردي get into a state to become very upset or anxious. نگران شدن lie in state (of a corpse) to be laid in a place of honour for the public to see, before burial. دراز كشيدن در جمع

Answer 59

in spite of what you have just mentioned: ▪ What she said was true. Nevertheless, it was very unkind. ▪ The Sharks played with two men in the penalty box, but scored nevertheless.

Answer 60

1 to develop by gradually changing, or to make something do this: ▪ The school has evolved its own teaching methods. + from/into ▪ a small family store that evolved into a national supermarket chain 2 to change gradually, developing new features, over a long period of time through the process of scientific evolution: ▪ Bears have evolved huge claws for catching their prey. evolve from something ▪ Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures. evolve into something ▪ dinosaurs that evolved into birds

Answer 61

1 a) the ability to learn, understand, and think about things: ▪ a test designed to measure intelligence high/low intelligence (=a strong or weak ability to learn and understand things easily) b) a high level of this ability: ▪ I doubt whether he had the intelligence to be so devious. 2 politics: information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military plans of an enemy etc.: ▪ According to our intelligence, further attacks were planned. ▪ Intelligence gathering (=obtaining intelligence) is a dangerous business. 3 politics: a group of people or an organization that gathers secret information for their government: ▪ military intelligence ▪ U.S. intelligence agencies

Answer 62

♦ verb 1 to put into words: He expressed his ideas very clearly. بیان کردن 2 (with oneself etc ) to put one's own thoughts into words: You haven't expressed yourself clearly. نظر خود را ابراز کردن؛ بیان کردن 3 to show (thoughts, feelings etc ) by looks, actions etc : She nodded to express her agreement. نشان دادن 4 to send by fast (postal) delivery: Will you express this letter, please? فوری رساندن ♦ adjective 1 travelling, carrying goods etc , especially fast: an express train; express delivery. سریع السیر 2 clearly stated: You have disobeyed my express wishes. صریح؛ روشن ♦ adverb by express train or fast delivery service: Send your letter express. فوری؛ اکسپرس ♦ noun 1 an express train: the London to Cardiff express. قطار سریع السیر 2 the service provided eg by the post office for carrying goods etc quickly: The parcel was sent by express. پست فوری exˈpressly ♦ adverb in clear, definite words: I expressly forbade you to do that. بطور صریح و آشکار exˈpression [-ʃən] ♦ noun 1 a look on one's face that shows one's feelings: He always has a bored expression on his face. قیافه؛ حالت 2 a word or phrase: `Dough' is a slang expression for `money`. اصطلاح؛ عبارت 3 (a) showing of thoughts or feelings by words, actions etc : This poem is an expression of his grief. بیانگر؛ گویا 4 the showing of feeling when eg reciting, reading aloud or playing a musical instrument: Put more expression into your playing! شور و حال exˈpressionless ♦ adjective (of a face or voice) showing no feeling: a cold, expressionless tone. بی حالت؛ بی احساس exˈpressive [-siv] ♦ adjective showing meaning or feeling clearly: She has an expressive look on her face. معنی دار؛ گویا exˈpressiveness ♦ noun بیانگری؛ پر معنایی exˈpressively ♦ adverb بطور پر معنا exˈpressway ♦ noun a divided highway; a motorway. بزرگراه؛ تندراه

Answer 63

a positive feeling of wanting to push ahead with something

Answer 64

a positive feeling of wanting to push ahead with something

Answer 65

to give to someone as his share or duty: They assigned the task to us. مقرر داشتن؛ محول کردن

Answer 66

♦ adjective acting, or happening, without delay or punctually: a prompt reply; I'm surprised that she's late. She's usually so prompt. به موقع؛ وقت شناس ˈpromptly ♦ adverb 1 immediately: He promptly accepted my offer. بی درنگ 2 punctually: They arrived promptly. به موقع ˈpromptness ♦ noun سر وقت بودن؛ سرعت at one/two etc o'clock prompt punctually at one/two etc o'clock. ...دقیقاً راس ساعت

Answer 67

under terms not final or fully worked out or agreed upon; "probationary employees"; "a provisional government"; "just a tentative schedule"

Answer 68

♦ verb to make guesses: He's only speculating – he doesn't know; There's no point in speculating about what's going to happen. حدس زدن ˌspecuˈlation ♦ noun 1 a guess: Your speculations were all quite close to the truth. 2 the act of speculating: There was great speculation as to what was happening.

Answer 69

1 instructions: the printed information that tells you how to use a piece of equipment, product etc. instructions on how to do something/on doing something ▪ Are there any instructions on how to plant the trees? + for ▪ Click here to download instructions for assembly and care. ▪ Follow the instructions (=do what they say) on the back of the box. 2 [countable usually plural] a statement telling someone what they must do: ▪ Her instructions were very clear. ▪ A stewardess gave safety instructions in both English and Spanish. instructions to do something ▪ The guards had instructions to watch the prisoners carefully. instruction that ▪ The teacher had left instructions that no one was to talk during the test. strict/specific instructions ▪ I gave strict instrtuctions that we were not to be disturbed. ▪ He failed to follow his commander's instructions. ▪ The police were under instruction to (=were told to) fire if necessary. 3 [uncountable] formal teaching that you are given in a particular skill or subject: ▪ religious instruction + in ▪ basic instruction in chemistry ▪ Under Stewart's instruction (=while being taught by him), I mastered the technique.

Answer 70

♦ noun an account: He kept a tally of all the work he did. حساب ♦ verb (often with with ) to agree or match: Their stories tally; His story tallies with mine. مطابق بودن

Answer 71

1 relating to the ability to understand things and to think intelligently : ▪ the intellectual development of children ▪ a job that requires a large amount of intellectual effort 2 [only before noun] relating to ideas about science, art, literature etc., which are discussed by educated intelligent people: ▪ Her works reflect the intellectual climate of the time. 3 an intellectual person is well educated and interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science, literature etc. ►see thesaurus box at intelligent 4 involving or needing serious thinking to be understood: ▪ an intellectual film —intellectually adverb

Answer 72

1 food or other substances that people and living things need to live, grow, and stay healthy: ▪ The program provides basic nourishment to low-income families. 2 something that helps a feeling, idea, or belief to grow stronger spiritual/intelluctual/emotional nourishment ▪ The Bible is a source of spiritual nourishment. تغذیه؛ خوراک پرورش

Answer 73

1 kettle: a special metal pot with a handle and spout, used for boiling and pouring water SYN teakettle: ▪ The kettle's boiling. 2 a large pot, used especially for making soup 3 a different/another kettle of fish: informal used to say that a situation is very different from one that you have just mentioned کتری

Answer 74

assignment

Answer 75

provisional

Answer 76

nevertheless

Answer 77

intelligence

Answer 78

provisional

Answer 79

instruction

Answer 80

tally | Past: tallied

Answer 81

intellectual

Answer 82

nourishment

Answer 83

♦ verb 1 to press (something) together or from all sides tightly: He squeezed her hand affectionately; He squeezed the clay into a ball. به هم فشردن 2 to force (eg oneself) eg into or through a narrow space: The dog squeezed himself / his body into the hole; We were all squeezed into the back seat of the car. فشارآوردن 3 to force something, eg liquid, out of something by pressing: She squeezed the oranges (into a jug); We might be able to squeeze some more money/information out of him. عصاره چيزي را گرفتن ♦ noun 1 an act of squeezing: He gave his sister an affectionate squeeze. فشردگي 2 a condition of being squeezed: We all got into the car, but it was a squeeze. فشار 3 a few drops produced by squeezing. مضيقه 4 a time of financial restriction: an economic squeeze. انقباض اقتصادي ˈsqueezer ♦ noun an instrument for squeezing: a lemon squeezer. فشار دهنده squeeze up to move closer together: Could you all squeeze up on the bench and make room for me? به زور جا دادن

Answer 84

1 [countable, uncountable] the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve something: ▪ tears of anger and frustration ▪ She threw her pen across the room in frustration. 2 [uncountable] the fact of being prevented from achieving what you are trying to achieve + of ▪ the frustration of all his ambitions ناامیدی

Answer 85

♦ noun (a) sudden great fear, especially that spreads through a crowd etc : The fire caused a panic in the city. هراس ♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈpanicked – to make or become so frightened that one loses the power to think clearly: He panicked at the sight of the audience. هراسیدن ˈpanicky ♦ adjective inclined to panic: She gets panicky in an exam; in a panicky mood. سرآسیمه

Answer 86

1 [only before noun] an alternative idea, plan etc. is one that can be used instead of another one SYN alternate: ▪ Jones' book details alternative ways of coping with stress. 2 [only before noun] an alternative system or solution is considered less damaging or more effective than the old one: ▪ alternative sources of energy 3 not based on or believing in traditional social or moral standards: ▪ an alternative lifestyle ▪ alternative music —alternatively adverb

Answer 87

``` 1 [usually before noun] admired by many people, and having a value that continues for a long time : ▪ classic novels such as "Jane Eyre" ▪ the classic film "Citizen Kane" ▪ the classic rock music of the '60s ▪ a classic car ►see thesaurus box at old ``` 2 having all the features that are typical or expected of a particular thing or situation classic example/case etc. ▪ This was a classic example of poisoning. ▪ Lasagna is one of Italy's classic dishes. 3 [usually before noun] a classic style of art or clothing is attractive in a simple or traditional way, and is not influenced very much by changing fashions: ▪ a classic blue suit 4 That's classic! spoken said when you think something is very funny

Answer 88

in spite of what has just been mentioned SYN nevertheless: ▪ The paintings are complex, but they're appealing nonetheless. ▪ The substance may not affect humans. Nonetheless, the FDA is examining it closely.

Answer 89

1 having or involving very strong feelings of sexual love: ▪ His kiss was passionate. ▪ a passionate love affair 2 having or expressing a very strong feeling, especially a strong belief in an idea or principle: ▪ He is a passionate defender of the poor. ▪ a passionate speech 3 having a very strong interest in or liking for something SYN intense: ▪ Her father indulged her passionate interest in horses. + about ▪ Brian is passionate about football. —passionately adverb: ▪ He was passionately committed to the ideal of non-violence.

Answer 90

someone who is very interested in a particular activity or subject: ▪ a sports enthusiast

Answer 91

♦ verb 1 to provide (a book, lecture etc ) with pictures, diagrams etc . مصور کردن 2 to make (a statement etc ) clearer by providing examples etc : Let me illustrate my point; This diagram will illustrate what I mean. توضیح دادن؛ روشن کردن ˈillustrated ♦ adjective having pictures etc : an illustrated catalogue. مصور ˌilluˈstration ♦ noun 1 a picture: coloured illustrations. تصویر 2 an example. مثال 3 the act of illustrating. توضیح ˈillustrative [-strətiv, (American) iˈlastrətiv] ♦ adjective توضیحی ˈillustrator ♦ noun a person who draws pictures etc for books etc . نشان دهنده

Answer 92

♦ noun 1 an art or skill: the craft of wood-carving. مهارت؛ هنرمندی 2 (plural craft ) a boat or ship: sailing craft. کشتی؛ قایق 3 cunning or trickery: craft and deceit. حیله گری؛ فریب ˈcrafty ♦ adjective cunning and sly. مکار؛ حقه باز ˈcraftily ♦ adverb حیله گرانه ˈcraftiness ♦ noun مکر؛ حیله ˈcraftsman [ˈkraːftsmən] ♦ noun a person skilled at making things (especially by hand). هنرور؛ صنعتگر ˈcraftsmanship [ˈkraːfts-] ♦ noun هنروری؛ استادی

Answer 93

1 relating to beauty and the study of beauty: ▪ The changes were made for purely aesthetic reasons. 2 designed in a beautiful way: ▪ factories that are aesthetic as well as functional —aesthetically /-kli/ adverb: ▪ aesthetically pleasing وابسته به زیبایی

Answer 94

♦ noun 1 the ball-shaped part of the stem of certain plants, eg onions, tulips etc , from which their roots grow. پیاز 2 (also ˈlight bulb ) a pear-shaped glass globe surrounding the element of an electric light. لامپ 3 the pear-shaped end of a thermometer. بخش برآمدۀ حرارت سنج ˈbulbous ♦ adjective like a bulb, especially in shape: a bulbous nose. گرد و گوشتالو

Answer 95

1. determined; "she was firmly resolved to be a doctor"; "single-minded in his determination to stop smoking" (synonym) single-minded مصمم 2. explained or answered; "mysteries solved and unsolved; problems resolved and unresolved" (synonym) solved حل کردن

Answer 96

1 [countable] the thing that you think is most important and that needs attention before anything else: ▪ The team's priority is to win. ▪ With so little money available, repairs must remain a low priority. a top/high/first etc. priority ▪ Balancing the budget is our number one priority. 2 [singular, uncountable] the right to be given attention before other people or things: ▪ List your tasks in order of priority. give somebody/something priority ▪ Restaurant seating is limited and hotel guests are given priority. have/take/get priority (over something/somebody) ▪ It's normal among teenagers for socializing to take priority over schoolwork. put/place a (high) priority on something ▪ We place a high priority on learning at this establishment. ▪ Governments should place a higher priority on reducing global warming. 3 get your priorities straight/right etc. to form a clear idea of what is most important or urgent: ▪ I need to take a little time off just to get my priorities in order. —priority adjective [only before noun]

Answer 97

♦ noun 1 trouble or fuss: It's such a hassle to get to work on time: Travelling with children is such a hassle. زحمت 2 a fight or argument: I got into a bit of a hassle with a couple of thugs. کشمکش؛ درگیری ♦ verb 1 to argue or fight: It seemed pointless to hassle over such a small matter. مشاجره كردن 2 to annoy (a person): I don't like people hassling me. اذيت كردن

Answer 98

designed to decorate something: ▪ ornamental vases زینتی؛ تزیینی

Answer 99

a round handle that you turn to open a door | دستگیره در

Answer 100

1 without being affected by different situations, problems etc. + of ▪ The law requires equal treatment for all, regardless of race, religion, or sex. 2 if you continue doing something regardless, you do it in spite of difficulties or people telling you not to: ▪ I'm leaving in ten days, regardless. + of ▪ He does what he wants, regardless of what I say. صرف نظر از ...

Answer 101

1 the opinion, belief, or feeling you have about someone or something because of the way they seem + of ▪ What's your impression of Hal? have/get the impression (that) ▪ I got the impression that he wasn't very happy. good/bad/favorable etc. impression ▪ It's important to make a good impression at your interview. false/wrong impression ▪ The report gave the false impression that the disease had been cured. ▪ My first impression (=my opinion when I first saw something) was that the car was fun to drive. 2 be under the impression that... to believe that something is true when it is not true: ▪ Sorry, I was under the impression that you were the manager. 3 the act of copying the speech or behavior of a famous person in order to make people laugh SYN imitation + of ▪ Sandy does a pretty good impression of Madonna. 4 a mark left by pressing something into a soft surface: ▪ An impression of a heel was left in the mud. 5 all the copies of a book printed at one time

Answer 102

♦ noun a person or thing equivalent to another in position etc : American teenagers and their British counterparts. همتا

Answer 103

♦ noun 1 something made for a purpose, eg a tool or instrument: a device for opening cans. اسباب؛ ابزار 2 a plan or system of doing something, sometimes involving trickery: This is a device for avoiding income tax. نقشه؛ ترفند device , unlike advice , can be used in the plural: ingenious devices . devise is a verb: to devise a scheme .

Answer 104

relating to the process of knowing, understanding, and learning something: ▪ cognitive psychology —cognitively adverb شناختی

Answer 105

frustration

Answer 106

passionate

Answer 107

nonetheless

Answer 108

illustrate

Answer 109

enthusiast

Answer 110

ornamental

Answer 111

regardless

Answer 112

impression

Answer 113

counterpart

Answer 114

1 [singular, uncountable] the desire to learn about something or to know something: ▪ The children were full of curiosity. حس کنجکاوی + about ▪ Most people have great curiosity about how nature works. ▪ Renee went to the auction just out of curiosity. ▪ I had to open the envelope to satisfy my curiosity. pique/spark/arouse somebody's curiosity (=make someone curious about something) 2 [countable] something that is interesting because it is unusual or strange: ▪ a house full of old maps and other curiosities 3 curiosity killed the cat: used to tell someone not to ask questions about something that does not concern them

Answer 115

♦ adverb (referring to something mentioned immediately before or after) in this or that way or manner: He spoke thus; Thus, he was able to finish the work quickly. بدین گونه؛ بدین ترتیب

Answer 116

♦ verb 1 to look after for a period of time; to bring up a child that is not one's own: She fostered the children for several months. پرورش دادن 2 to encourage or give help to (ideas etc ): She fostered the child's talents. انگیزاندن ˈfoster-brother, *ˈfoster-sister ♦ nouns a child that has been fostered in another child's family. خواهر خوانده؛ برادر خوانده ˈfoster-child ♦ noun a child fostered by a family. بچه ای که به فرزند خواندگی پذیرفته شده ˈfoster-parent (ˈfoster-father, *ˈfoster-mother) ♦ noun a person who looks after a child not his or her own. والدینی که سرپرستی بچه ای را به عهده دارند

Answer 117

cheerful compliance; "he expressed his willingness to help" | تمایل

Answer 118

♦ verb to keep doing, thinking etc in spite of opposition or difficulty; to continue asking, persuading etc : It will not be easy but you will succeed if you persist; He didn't want to tell her, but she persisted (in asking). ایستادگی کردن؛ پافشاری کردن perˈsistent ♦ adjective She was persistent in her demands/denials; persistent questions. مصر؛ سرسخت perˈsistently ♦ adverb با سماجت perˈsistence ♦ noun ایستادگی؛ سماجت

Answer 119

♦ noun an example, especially of a condition or circumstance: As a social worker, he saw many instances of extreme poverty. نمونه for instance for example: Some birds, penguins for instance, cannot fly at all. مثلاً

Answer 120

♦ noun 1 especially formerly, an extremely infectious and deadly disease, especially one carried by fleas from rats. طاعون 2 a large and annoying quantity: a plague of flies. هجوم ♦ verb to annoy or pester continually or frequently: The child was plaguing her with questions. به ستوه آوردن

Answer 121

♦ noun 1 a part of some plants, insects etc, eg nettles and wasps, that can prick and inject an irritating or poisonous fluid into the wound. خار 2 an act of piercing with this part: Some spiders give a poisonous sting. نيش 3 the wound, swelling, or pain caused by this: You can soothe a wasp sting by putting vinegar on it. جاي گزيدگي ♦ verb– past tense, past participle stung [staŋ] – 1 to wound or hurt by means of a sting: The child was badly stung by nettles/mosquitoes; Do those insects sting? نيش زدن 2 (of a wound, or a part of the body) to smart or be painful: The salt water made his eyes sting. به درد آوردن

Answer 122

1 if something such as a cost or amount offsets another cost or amount or you offset them, the two things have an opposite effect and so the situation remains the same: ▪ Rising costs for jet fuel were partially offset by higher air fares. خنثی کردن جبران کردن متعادل کردن offset something against something ▪ You can offset your travel expenses against your taxes. 2 to cause balance in a situation by having the opposite effect to something else: ▪ Maria's sense of humor offsets her serious nature.

Answer 123

a statement or opinion judging the worth, value, or condition of something + of ▪ an expert's appraisal of the antique clock ▪ I took the necklace to a jewelry store for appraisal.

Answer 124

♦ verb to bear or endure; to put up with: I couldn't tolerate his rudeness. تحمل کردن ˈtolerable ♦ adjective 1 able to be borne or endured: The heat was barely tolerable. قابل تحمل 2 quite good: The food was tolerable. نسبتاً خوب ˈtolerance ♦ noun 1 the ability to be fair and understanding to people whose ways, opinions etc are different from one's own: We should always try to show tolerance to other people. بردباری 2 the ability to resist the effects of eg a drug: If you take a drug regularly, your body gradually acquires a tolerance of it. سازگاری ˈtolerant ♦ adjective showing tolerance: He's very tolerant towards his neighbours. بردبار ˈtolerantly ♦ adverb با شکیبایی ˌtoleˈration ♦ noun 1 the act of tolerating: His toleration of her behaviour amazed me. بردباری؛ تحمل 2 tolerance, especially in religious matters: The government passed a law of religious toleration. جایز شماری؛ پذیرش

Answer 125

to choose one thing or one course of action instead of another + for ▪ Some 700 students have opted for a major in engineering. opt to do something ▪ While Jan went sailing, I opted to bike into town. opt in (phrasal verb) to decide to join a group, system etc. that other people are involved in opt into something (phrasal verb) to decide to join a group, system etc. that other people are involved in : ▪ Employees can opt into the insurance plan. opt out (phrasal verb) 1 to choose not to do something, or not to become involved in something that other people are doing + of ▪ You can't just opt out of all responsibility for your own child! 2 to decide not to join a group, system, or action + of ▪ Miller opted out of military service for religious reasons.

Answer 126

1 [singular, uncountable] the quality of remaining faithful to your friends, principles, country etc.: ▪ a family with a strong sense of loyalty + to/toward ▪ Readers feel a strong loyalty to their local newspaper. 2 [countable usually plural] a feeling of support for someone or something: ▪ political loyalties ▪ During World War II, many families in the region had divided loyalties (=loyalty to two different or opposing people, groups etc.). somebody's loyalties lie/are with something ▪ As a lawyer, my loyalties are with my client.

Answer 127

♦ verb 1 to annoy or make angry: The children's chatter irritated him. اذیت کردن 2 to make (a part of the body) sore, red, itchy etc : Soap can irritate a baby's skin. متورم کردن ˈirritable ♦ adjective easily annoyed: He was in an irritable mood. زود رنج ˈirritably ♦ adverb با اخم و تخم ˌirritaˈbility ♦ noun تند خویی ˈirritableness ♦ noun زود خشمی ˈirritating ♦ adjective She has an irritating voice. آزار دهنده ˌirriˈtation ♦ noun اذیت

Answer 128

a piece of electrical equipment such as a stove or washing machine, used in people's homes ►see thesaurus box at machine وسیله؛ اسباب

Answer 129

♦ noun 1 (a short sentence or phrase which expresses) a principle of behaviour etc : `Honesty is the best policy' is my motto; a school motto. شعاروپند 2 a printed saying etc , often found inside a Christmas cracker. حکمت

Answer 130

♦ noun a usually small tool, machine etc : a useful gadget for loosening bottle lids. وسیله مکانیکی

Answer 131

♦ verb 1 to give (money, help etc ) along with others: Have you contributed (any money) to this charity?; I've been contributing (articles) to this paper for many years. اهدا کردن؛ کمک کردن 2 (with to) to help to cause to happen: His gambling contributed to his downfall. موجب شدن ˌcontriˈbution [kon-] ♦ noun 1 the act of contributing. اعطا؛ کمک 2 something contributed, especially money: Would you like to make a contribution to this charity? هر چیز اهدا شده conˈtributor ♦ noun اعانه دهنده

Answer 132

willingness

Answer 133

contribute

Answer 134

1maple [countable] a tree that grows in northern countries, that has pointed leaves that turn red or yellow in the fall 2 [uncountable] the wood from this tree

Answer 135

♦ verb 1 to allow to pass down the throat to the stomach: Try to swallow the pill; His throat was so painful that he could hardly swallow. put food into your mouth, and chew and swallow it بلعيدن 2 to accept (eg a lie or insult) without question or protest: You'll never get her to swallow that story! زود باور كردن ♦ noun an act of swallowing. بلع swallow one's pride to behave humbly eg by making an apology. متواضعانه خواهش كردن swallow up to cause to disappear completely: She was swallowed up in the crowd. ناپديد شدن

Answer 136

♦ verb 1 to make (usually oneself) familiar (with): You must acquaint yourself with the routine of the office. There is a campaign by people ho are passionate about records to get other people reacquainted with their local record shops. آشنا ساختن 2 to inform (a person) of: Have you acquainted her with your plans? مطلع کردن acquaintance ♦ noun 1 a person whom one knows slightly. آشنا 2 (with with ) knowledge: My acquaintance with the works of Shakespeare is slight. آشنایی be acquainted with to know or be familiar with: I'm not acquainted with her father. آشنا بودن با make someone's acquaintance to get to know someone: I made her acquaintance when on holiday in France. با کسی آشنا شدن

Answer 137

Noun 1. excessive accumulation of blood or other fluid in a body part (hypernym) symptom (hyponym) hydrothorax 2. excessive crowding; "traffic congestion" (synonym) over-crowding (hypernym) crowding (derivation) clog, choke off, clog up, back up, congest, choke, foul

Answer 138

♦ noun a person who watches (an event): Fifty thousand spectators came to the match. Dance Island surprised spectators at today’s race. تماشاچي specˈtate ♦ verb to be a spectator (at an event).

Answer 139

♦ verb 1 to take or accept as true: I assume (that) you'd like time to decide. فرض کردن؛ پنداشتن 2 to take upon oneself or accept (authority, responsibility etc ): He assumed the rôle of leader in the emergency. به عهده گرفتن؛ تقبل کردن 3 to put on (a particular appearance etc ): He assumed a look of horror. وانمود کردن؛ به خود گرفتن asˈsumed ♦ adjective pretended; not genuine: assumed astonishment; He wrote under an assumed name (= not using his real name). فرضی؛ غیرواقعی asˈsumption [-ˈsamp-] ♦ noun something assumed: On the assumption that we can produce four pages an hour, the work will be finished tomorrow. فرض

Answer 140

making you feel afraid or nervous: ▪ The crime rate in this city is frightening. ▪ Going into the hospital can be very frightening. it is frightening to do something ▪ It's frightening to think that such evil people exist. → see Word Choice box at adjective —frighteningly adverb: ▪ The ice seemed frighteningly thin.

Answer 141

1 a cover for a pot, box etc : He lifted the lid of the box and looked inside. Kettle is a container with a lid, handle, and spout سرپوش 2 an eyelid: The infection has not affected the eye itself although the lid is swollen. پلک چشم

Answer 142

1 spout: a small tube or pipe on a container that you pour liquid out through: ▪ the spout of a teapot/kettle چرنه 2 a sudden strong stream of liquid that comes out of somewhere very fast → see also waterspout فواره

Answer 143

اتاق‌خواب

Answer 144

a sports competition in which competitors run, swim, and ride a bicycle for long distances ● (مسابقه‌ی ورزشی شامل شنا و دوچرخه سواری و دو) ورزش‌های سه گانه

Answer 145

``` past participle sipped – ♦ verb to drink in very small mouthfuls. If you want to sip coffee in a café, go to Vienna. جرعه جرعه نوشيدن ``` ♦ noun a very small mouthful: She took a sip of the medicine. جرعه

Answer 146

1 extremely good or impressive SYN marvelous: ▪ You look fabulous! ▪ a fabulous meal 2 [only before noun] formal unusually large SYN huge: ▪ The painting was sold for a fabulous sum. 3 literary [only before noun] fabulous creatures, places etc. are mentioned in traditional stories, but do not really exist

Answer 147

a type of alternative medicine in which areas of the feet are touched or rubbed in order to cure or help a medical problem in another part of the body In reflexology, maps have been drawn to illustrate which body organ is linked to which part of the sole of the foot. بازتاب‌شناسی؛ عکس‌العمل‌شناسی

Answer 148

♦ noun 1 the underside of the foot, the part on which one stands and walks. كف پا 2 the flat surface of a boot or shoe that covers this part of the foot. كف كفش

Answer 149

1 the action or activity of making clothes, blankets etc. out of thread or yarn using knitting needles Knitting have become a fashionable leisure pursuit. بافندگی 2 something that is being knitted: ▪ Penny sat down with her knitting.

Answer 150

1 [uncountable] the act of trying to achieve something in a determined way + of ▪ the pursuit of truth and justice ▪ Some reporters will do anything in the pursuit of a story. Knitting have become a fashionable leisure pursuit. 2 [uncountable] the act of chasing or following someone: ▪ Two police cars took off in pursuit (=following behind) of the robbers. ▪ Liz ran out the front door, with Tony in hot pursuit (=following close behind). 3 [countable usually plural] formal an activity such as a sport or hobby, which you spend a lot of time doing: ▪ leisure pursuits

Answer 151

♦ adjective 1 not bright or distinct: a dim light in the distance; a dim memory. A dim light came from a tiny electric bulb. تار؛ مبهم 2 (of a person) not intelligent: She's a bit dim! کم هوش؛ خنگ ♦ verb– past tense, past participle dimmed – to make or become dim: Tears dimmed her eyes; He dimmed the lights in the theatre. کم سو کردن؛ کم نور کردن ˈdimly ♦ adverb بطور مبهم ˈdimness ♦ noun ابهام؛ کم نوری

Answer 152

♦ noun an official licence from the government giving one person or business the right to make and sell a particular article and to prevent others from doing the same: She took out a patent on her design; (also adjective ) a patent process. جواز حق انحصاری ♦ verb to obtain a patent for; He patented his new invention. Edison patented everything from the first phonograph player to the first practical light bulb. به ثبت رساندن patent ˈleather shoes ♦ noun shoes made of shiny leather. کفش ورنی

Answer 153

bedchamber

Answer 154

acquainte (with)

Answer 155

congestion

Answer 156

frightening

Answer 157

reflexology

Answer 158

گرامافون

Answer 159

♦ verb 1 to make known: All their secrets have been revealed. افشا کردن 2 to show; to allow to be seen: He scraped away the top layer of paint from the picture, revealing an earlier painting underneath. Apple has revealed plans for a new device. نشان دادن؛ ظاهر کردن reˈvealing ♦ adjective allowing or causing something to be known or seen: a revealing statement. هشدار دهنده؛ یاد آوری کننده

Answer 160

Adjective small and light enough to be operated while you hold it in your hands; "a hand-held computer" دستی

Answer 161

all the waiters and waitresses that work at a restaurant | خدمه‌ی رستوران

Answer 162

♦ noun a group of singers: He used to sing in the church choir. دستۀ خوانندگان

Answer 163

adjective that uses electrical energy economically energy-efficient appliances مصرف بهینه

Answer 164

♦ adjective 1 (of a person) capable; skilful: a very efficient secretary. لایق؛ کارامد 2 (of an action, tool etc ) producing (quick and) satisfactory results: The new lawn mower is much more efficient than the old one. موثر؛ ثمربخش efˈficiently ♦ adverb بطور موثر efˈficiency ♦ noun کارآیی؛ بازده

Answer 165

1 a piece of equipment that is used to heat a house or building 2 a large container in which a very hot fire is made, to produce power or heat, or to melt metals → see also blast furnace 3 be (like) a furnace to be extremely hot

Answer 166

♦ noun a part of a payment, tax etc which is given back to the person paying it. They are encouraging the use of energy-efficient appliances bu offering $5 million in rebates to residents who buy energy-efficient furnaces. تخفیف دادن؛ بخشی از مبلغ را پس دادن

Answer 167

someone who makes sure that the rules are followed in sports such as football, basketball He found the referee’s decisions frustrating. داور

Answer 168

♦ noun 1 a line of people, vehicles etc moving forward in order often as a celebration of some event: a circus parade. رژه 2 an arrangement of soldiers in a particular order: The troops are on parade. رژه ♦ verb 1 to march in a line moving forward in order: They paraded through the town. رژه رفتن 2 to arrange soldiers in order: The colonel paraded his soldiers. به صف کردن 3 to show or display in an obvious way: She paraded her new clothes in front of her friends. به رخ کشیدن

Answer 169

1 including all types of people; OPP exclusive + of ▪ Churches needed to be more inclusive of women 2 including all the possible information, parts, numbers etc.; OPP exclusive: The cruise price was all inclusive for everything on the ship. ▪ The list is not all-inclusive.

Answer 170

past participle nagged – ♦ verb (often with at ) to complain or criticize continually: She nags (at) her husband about their lack of money. Although my mother never nagged, she still managed to be persist and normally got what she wanted. غر زدن ˈnagging ♦ adjective continuously troublesome: a nagging worry/pain. خرده گیری

Answer 171

1 [countable usually plural] a piece of equipment that is attached inside a house or building, such as an electric light or a toilet, and is sold as part of the house fixture with bare bulbs لوازم نصب‌کردنی؛ اثاثه ثابت 2 be a (permanent) fixture to be always present and not likely to move or go away: ▪ He is a permanent fixture of the Washington political and social scene. چیز ثابت

Answer 172

♦ adjective 1 uncovered or naked: bare skin; bare floors. لخت؛ برهنه 2 empty: bare shelves. خالی 3 of trees etc , without leaves. بی برگ 4 worn thin: The carpet is a bit bare. کهنه؛ نخ نما 5 basic; essential: the bare necessities of life. ابتدایی؛ ضروری ♦ verb to uncover: The dog bared its teeth in anger. آشکار کردن؛ نشان دادن ˈbarely ♦ adverb scarcely or only just: We have barely enough food. ناچیز؛ به سختی ˈbareness ♦ noun عریانی؛ لختی ``` ˈbareback ♦ adverb ♦ adjective without a saddle: I enjoy riding bareback. بدون زین ``` ˈbarefaced ♦ adjective openly impudent: a barefaced lie. بی شرم؛ وقیح ``` ˈbarefoot(ed) ♦ adjective, ♦ adverb not wearing shoes or socks etc : The children go barefoot on the beach. پابرهنه ``` ``` ˌbareˈheaded ♦ adjective, ♦ adverb not wearing a hat etc . بی کلاه ```

Answer 173

♦ adjective glowing white with heat. incandescent bulb تابنده؛ ملتهب

Answer 174

♦ adjective fitted neatly together in a small space: Our new house is very compact. متراکم؛ جمع و جور [ˈkompӕkt]noun a small container for women's face-powder: a powder-compact with a mirror. جعبه لوازم آرایش

Answer 175

phonograph

Answer 176

energy-efficient

Answer 177

commitment

Answer 178

(all) inclusive

Answer 179

incandescent

Answer 180

نمایشگاه صنایع دستی

Answer 181

♦ verb to cause or give rise to (something): His actions aroused my suspicions. The actions of the man in the library aroused my curiosity. برانگیختن؛ تحریک کردن

Answer 182

♦ verb to say what is wrong (with a sick person etc ) after making an examination; to identify (an illness etc ): The doctor diagnosed her illness as flu. تشخیص دادن بیماری ˌdiagˈnosis [-sis]– plural diagˈnoses [-siːz] – ♦ noun a conclusion reached by diagnosing: What diagnosis did the doctor make? تشخیص بیماری

Answer 183

1 medicine: a very small machine that is attached to someone's heart to help it beat regularly دستگاه تنظیم‌کننده ضربان قلب 2 a pacesetter 3 biology: a part of the muscle in the right atrium of the heart which sends out a regular pattern of electrical signals that make the heart beat regularly

Answer 184

medicine a small plastic tube containing medicine that you inhale in order to make breathing easier اسپری (درمانی)

Answer 185

♦ noun 1 an act of tackling: a rugby tackle. تکل 2 equipment, especially for fishing: fishing tackle. نخ و قرقره 3 ropes, pulleys etc for lifting heavy weights: lifting tackle. بالابر 4 in sailing, the ropes, rigging etc of a boat. طناب و بادبان ها و قرقره های کشتی ♦ verb 1 to try to grasp or seize (someone): The policeman tackled the thief. گرفتن 2 to deal with or try to solve (a problem); to ask (someone) about a problem: He tackled the problem; She tackled the teacher about her child's work. از عهده برآمدن 3 in football, hockey etc , to (try to) take the ball etc from (a player in the other team): He tackled his opponent. تکل کردن

Answer 186

1 rush/plunge headlong into something: to start doing something too quickly, without thinking carefully about it first SYN headfirst: ▪ Stockbrokers should prevent their clients from plunging headlong into trouble. 2 falling with your head going first and the rest of your body following SYN headfirst: ▪ Miller slid headlong into second base. —headlong adjective

Answer 187

♦ adjective slightly mocking: a wry smile. wry humor کنایه آمیز؛ شیطنت آمیز ˈwryly ♦ adverb به طور غیر عادی

Answer 188

♦ adjective of the countryside: a rural area. روستایی؛ رعیتی

Answer 189

♦ noun 1 a dramatic performance made up of different, usually historical scenes, often performed during a procession: The children performed a historical pageant. نمایش تاریخی یا مذهبی 2 any fine show or display: a pageant of colour. نمایش با شکوه ˈpageantry ♦ noun splendid and colourful show or display: I love the pageantry of royal processions. مراسم با شکوه

Answer 190

♦ noun 1 a person who has (just) joined the army, air force etc . سرباز؛ سرباز جدید 2 a person who has (just) joined a society, group etc : Our party needs new recruits before the next election. عضو جدید ♦ verb to cause to join the army, a society etc : We must recruit more troops; Can't you recruit more members to the music society? سرباز گرفتن؛ به خدمت سربازی در آمدن reˈcruitment ♦ noun استخدام؛ سرباز گیری

Answer 191

1 [countable] a club at a college or university that has only male members → see also sorority ▪ He was president of his college fraternity. انجمن برادری 2 [uncountable] a feeling of friendship between members of a group: ▪ fraternity between nations 3 the educational/scientific etc. fraternity all the people who work in a particular profession: ▪ the views of the medical fraternity

Answer 192

a club for women students at some colleges and universities | خواهری؛ انجمن خواهری

Answer 193

♦ verb to make or grow larger; to spread out wider: Metals expand when heated; He does exercises to expand his chest; The school's activities have been expanded to include climbing and mountaineering. گسترده کردن؛ پهن کردن exˈpanse [-s] ♦ noun a wide area or extent: an expanse of water. گستره exˈpansion [-ʃən] ♦ noun the act or state of expanding: the expansion of metals. گسترش؛ انبساط

Answer 194

♦ verb 1 to connect in the mind: He always associated the smell of tobacco with his father. تداعی کردن 2 (usually with with ) to join (with someone) in friendship or work: They don't usually associate (with each other) after office hours. رابطه داشتن؛ همنشینی کردن [-et]adjective 1 having a lower position or rank: an associate professor. دستیار؛ معاون 2 joined or connected: associate organizations. متحد؛ یکپارچه ♦ noun a colleague or partner; a companion. شریک؛ همدم association ♦ noun 1 a club, society etc . انجمن 2 a friendship or partnership. همکاری؛ همنشینی 3 a connection in the mind: The house had associations with her dead husband. تداعی in association with together with: We are acting in association with the London branch of our firm. با همراهی؛ درکنار

Answer 195

the quality of being simple and not complicated, especially when this is attractive or useful: ▪ The design was beautiful in its simplicity. ▪ For the sake of simplicity, the task is divided into three parts. ▪ The solution was simplicity itself (=was very simple).

Answer 196

a refined quality of gracefulness and good taste ظرافت؛ ریزه‌کاری؛ زیبایی؛ لطافت وقار

Answer 197

craft fair

Answer 198

headlong = headfirst

Answer 199

fraternity

Answer 200

simplicity

Answer 201

♦ verb 1 to come or bring to an end: to conclude a meeting; He concluded by thanking everyone. پایان دادن 2 to come to believe: We concluded that you weren't coming. نتیجه گیری کردن conˈclusion [-ʒən] ♦ noun 1 an end: the conclusion of his speech. بخش آخر؛ پایان 2 a judgement: I came to the conclusion that the house was empty. نتیجه گیری؛ برداشت conˈclusive [-siv] ♦ adjective convincing: conclusive proof. قاطع conˈclusively ♦ adverb بطور قاطع conˈclusiveness ♦ noun قطعیت

Answer 202

در نظر می‌گیرد

Answer 203

takes in consideration

Answer 204

♦ verb 1 to fall down and break into pieces: The bridge collapsed under the weight of the traffic. در هم شکسته شدن 2 (of a person) to fall down especially unconscious, because of illness, shock etc : She collapsed with a heart attack. از حال رفتن؛ غش کردن 3 to break down, fail: The talks between the two countries have collapsed. با شکست روبرو شدن؛ بی نتیجه ماندن 4 to fold up or to (cause to) come to pieces (intentionally): Do these chairs collapse? تا شدن؛ جمع شدن colˈlapsible ♦ adjective able to be folded up etc : These chairs are collapsible. تا شدنی

Answer 205

biology: relating to or using your senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, or touch: ▪ sensory deprivation Sensory side of our nature

Answer 206

♦ adjective 1 able to think, reason and judge etc : Man is a rational animal. عاقل 2 sensible; reasonable; logical; not (over-) influenced by emotions etc : There must be a rational explanation for those strange noises These are as important as rational thinking. منطقی ˈrationally ♦ adverb به طور منطقی ˌrationˈality ♦ noun منطقی بودن؛ پیروی از عقل

Answer 207

a machine that provides a particular amount of a product or substance when you press a button or put money into it: ▪ a soap dispenser ▪ a candy dispenser

Answer 208

♦ noun stories etc which tell of imagined, not real, characters and events (see also non-fiction ): I prefer reading fiction to hearing about real events. هر چیز تخیلی ˈfictional ♦ adjective تخیلی fictitious [fikˈtiʃəs] ♦ adjective 1 not true: a fictitious account. غیر واقعی 2 not real or based on fact: All the characters in the book are fictitious. خیالی

Answer 209

past participle trekked – ♦ verb to make a long, hard journey. آهسته و با زحمت مسافرت کردن ♦ noun a long, hard journey: a trek through the mountains; a trek round the supermarket. مسافرت دشوار؛ راه پیمایی دشوار

Answer 210

♦ verb 1 to estimate or judge the quality or quantity of: Can you assess my chances of winning? برآورد کردن؛ ارزیابی کردن 2 to estimate in order to calculate tax due on: My income has been assessed wrongly. مالیات بستن asˈsessment ♦ noun ارزیابی asˈsessor ♦ noun ارزیاب

Answer 211

[ˈbroːdkaːst]– past tense, past participle ˈbroadcast – ♦ verb 1 to send out (radio and TV programmes etc ): He broadcasts regularly. The original television series was first broadcast from 1966 to 1969. پخش کردن 2 to make (something) widely known. پراکندن اطلاعات ♦ noun a television or radio programme: I heard his broadcast last night. برنامه ˈbroadcaster ♦ noun سخنگو؛ گوینده ˈbroadcasting ♦ noun پخش

Answer 212

♦ noun 1 a tiny red-hot piece thrown off by something burning, or when two very hard (eg metal) surfaces are struck together: Sparks were being thrown into the air from the burning building. جرقه 2 an electric current jumping across a gap: a spark from a faulty light-socket. جرقه ي الكتريكي 3 a trace (eg of life, humour): a spark of enthusiasm. رد پا ♦ verb 1 to give off sparks. جرقه زدن 2 (often with off ) to start (a row, disagreement etc ): Their action sparked off a major row. This sparked the “Trekkie” phenomenon. آغاز كردن

Answer 213

♦ noun a natural fact or event that is seen or happens regularly or frequently: Magnetic attraction is an interesting phenomenon. This sparked the “Trekkie” phenomenon. پدیده pheˈnomenal ♦ adjective very unusual; remarkable: a phenomenal amount of money. خارق العاده؛ چشمگیر pheˈnomenally ♦ adverb بطور خارق العاده

Answer 214

1 a building, movie, design etc. that is futuristic is so unusual and modern in appearance that it looks as if it belongs in the future instead of the present time: ▪ the car's futuristic styling futuristic gadgets found in the various episodes 2 futuristic ideas, books etc. imagine what may happen in the future, especially through scientific developments: ▪ a futuristic thriller starring Bruce Willis مربوط به آینده

Answer 215

♦ noun a usually small tool, machine etc : a useful gadget for loosening bottle lids. futuristic gadgets found in the various episodes وسیله مکانیکی

Answer 216

♦ adjective 1 different; varied: His reasons for leaving were many and various. متفاوت 2 several: Various people have told me about you. مختلف ˈvariously ♦ adverb بطور متنوع یا متفاوت

Answer 217

phenomenon

Answer 218

futuristic

Answer 219

♦ adjective able to be done: a feasible solution to the problem. Time-travel machines are not currently feasible عملی feasiˈbility ♦ noun احتمال؛ امکان

Answer 220

1 able to be successful or be done successfully: ▪ a viable presidential candidate Some equipments seem viable and may developed during our lifetimes. قابل دوام؛ مناسب رشد و ترقی؛ ماندنی a viable alternative/option/solution ▪ No one has offered a viable alternative to the plan. economically/commercially/politically etc. viable ▪ a commercially viable business 2 technical able to continue to live or to develop into a living thing: ▪ viable embryos زیست‌پذیر؛ زنده‌ماندنی —viability /ˌvaɪəˈbɪlət̮i/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 221

a type of photograph made with a laser, that looks as if it is not flat when you look at it from an angle —holographic /ˌhoʊləˈɡræfɪk, ˌhɑ-/ adjective —holography /hoʊˈlɑɡrəfi/ noun [uncountable] عکس برجسته‌نما

Answer 222

``` not real, but made to look, feel etc. like a real thing, situation, or feeling: ▪ simulated leather ▪ a simulated space flight simulated realities شبیه‌ساخته؛ شبیه‌سازی‌ شده قلابی؛ صوری ```

Answer 223

1 the fact of being completely involved in something you are doing + in ▪ her immersion in feminist politics 2 the action of immersing something in liquid, or the state of being immersed 3 the language teaching method in which the teacher and students use only the new language the students are learning, and not their own language: ▪ Spanish immersion classes 4 a type of baptism (=a ceremony to show that you belong to the Christian faith) in which someone's whole body is put into water

Answer 224

♦ verb (of two or more people, things etc ) to act, or have some effect, on each other. It allows people to come together and interact without leaving their own physical location. تاثیر متقابل داشتن ˌinterˈaction [-ʃən] ♦ noun فعل و انفعال ˌinterˈactive [-iv] ♦ adjective allowing a continuous exchange of information between a computer and the person using it, so that the computer can respond immediately to the user's instructions or questions: an interactive system/program; interactive video games. هم کنشی

Answer 225

♦ adjective 1 doubtful: I am dubious about the wisdom of this action. many of Star Trek technologies seemed dubious or impossible only a few decades ago مردد 2 probably not honest: dubious behaviour. مبهم؛ نا آشکار dubiety [djuˈbaiəti] ♦ noun (formal ) doubt; dubiousness. تردید ˈdubiousness ♦ noun doubtfulness. شک و تردید

Answer 226

important, interesting, excellent, or unusual enough to be noticed SYN noteworthy: ▪ a notable achievement the most notable gadget was the handheld flip-open communicator. + for ▪ The music is notable for its complexity. notable example/case/feature ▪ a notable example of this painter's work

Answer 227

♦ verb– past tense, past participle flipped – 1 to throw (something) in the air (so that it turns): They flipped a coin to see which side it landed on. به هوا پراندن 2 (sometimes with over ) to turn over quickly: She flipped over the pages of the book. ورق زدن ♦ noun an act of flipping. پرتاب

Answer 228

♦ verb to order to come or appear: He was summoned to appear in court; The head teacher summoned her to his room; A meeting was summoned. It was used by Captain Kirk to summon help. احضار كردن

Answer 229

♦ noun 1 the group of people who work or operate a ship, aeroplane, bus etc. Star Trek crew used tablets for reading and storing data. خدمه 2 used jokingly, a group of people: What an odd crew! دار و دسته ♦ verb (usually with for ) to act as a crew member (for someone). خدمت کردن ˈcrewcut ♦ noun a very short hairstyle. موی بسیار کوتاه مردانه

Answer 230

♦ adjective able to be carried, or moved easily from place to place: a portable radio. It allowed portable and lightweight communication wherever a person was. قابل حمل portable computer ♦ noun کامپیوتر کوچک و قابل حمل

Answer 231

♦ adjective 1 able to move: The van supplying country districts with library books is called a mobile library; The old lady is no longer mobile – she has to stay in bed all day. The first mobile phones were hardly connected convenient. متحرک 2 able to move or be moved quickly or easily: Most of the furniture is very light and mobile. سیال 3 (of someone's features or face) changing easily in expression. تغییر پذیر moˈbility [-ˈbi-] ♦ noun تحرک ˈmobilize, *ˈmobilise [-bi-] ♦ verb to make (especially troops, an army etc ), or become, ready for use or action. تجهیز کردن ˌmobiliˈzation, *ˌmobiliˈsation [-bi-] ♦ noun تجهیزات mobile phone(also mobile) see cellular phone .

Answer 232

♦ adjective 1 suitable; not causing trouble or difficulty: When would it be convenient for me to come? راحت؛ بی دردسر 2 easy to use, run etc : a convenient size of house. مناسب؛ راحت 3 easy to reach etc ; accessible: Keep this in a convenient place. در دسترس conˈveniently ♦ adverb بطور آسان conˈvenience ♦ noun 1 the state or quality of being convenient; freedom from trouble or difficulty: the convenience of living near the office. راحتی؛ آسودگی 2 any means of giving ease or comfort: the conveniences of modern life. وسیلۀ رفاه؛ تسهیلات 3 (also public convenience ) a public lavatory. مستراح همگانی

Answer 233

convenient

Answer 234

demonstrate

Answer 235

♦ verb 1 (often with to ) to make (people) known by name to each other: He introduced the guests (to each other); Let me introduce you to my mother; May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown. معرفی کردن 2 (often with into ) to bring in (something new): Grey squirrels were introduced into Britain from Canada; Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)? Once the technology was introduced, it advanced until it was developed into the small cell phones we have today. آوردن 3 to propose or put forward: He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax. ارائه کردن 4 (with to ) to cause (a person) to get to know (a subject etc ): Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven. آشنا کردن با ˌintroˈduction [-ˈdakʃən] ♦ noun 1 the act of introducing, or the process of being introduced: the introduction of new methods. معرفی 2 an act of introducing one person to another: The hostess made the introductions and everyone shook hands. معرفی 3 something written at the beginning of a book explaining the contents, or said at the beginning of a speech etc . دیباچه ˌintroˈductory [-ˈdaktəri] ♦ adjective giving an introduction: He made a few introductory remarks about the film before showing it. آشنا ساز

Answer 236

♦ noun a part of a machine (eg a car), instrument (eg a radio) etc : He bought components for the television set he was repairing. جزء ؛ سازه

Answer 237

as a matter of instinct; "he instinctively grabbed the knife" (pertainym) natural, instinctive You can instinctively answer. به طور غیر ارادی؛ خود به خود

Answer 238

obscure ♦ adjective 1 not clear; difficult to see: an obscure corner of the library. تیره و تار 2 not well-known: an obscure author. گمنام 3 difficult to understand: an obscure poem. Some obscure reason. غیر قابل درک ♦ verb to make obscure: A large tree obscured the view. نامشخص کردن؛ تار کردن obˈscurely ♦ adverb بطور مبهم obˈscurity ♦ noun تاریکی؛ ابهام

Answer 239

frantic ♦ adjective 1 anxious or very worried: The frantic mother searched for her child. سراسیمه 2 wildly excited: the frantic pace of modern life. Shopping at a frantic pace. دیوانه وار ˈfrantically ♦ adverb با سراسیمگی

Answer 240

thrill [θril] ♦ verb to (cause someone to) feel excitement: She was thrilled at/by the invitation. ذوق زده شدن یا کردن ♦ noun 1 an excited feeling: a thrill of pleasure/expectation. Happiness is the thrill of buying a new pair of shoes. شور و شعف 2 something which causes this feeling: Meeting the Queen was a great thrill. هر چیز شور انگیز ˈthriller ♦ noun an exciting novel or play, usually about crime, detectives etc : I always take a thriller to read on the train. رمان یا نمایشنامه مهیج ˈthrilling ♦ adjective exciting. هیجان انگیز

Answer 241

philosophy [fiˈlosəfi]– plural phiˈlosophies – ♦ noun 1 the search for knowledge and truth, especially about the nature of man and his behaviour and beliefs: moral philosophy. Fields of philosophy. فلسفه 2 a particular system of philosophical theories: I have a very simple philosophy (=attitude to life) – enjoy life! اصول کلی phiˈlosopher ♦ noun a person who studies philosophy, especially one who develops a particular set of theories: Rousseau was a famous philosopher. فیلسوف ˌphiloˈsophical, *ˌphiloˈsophic [-ˈso-] ♦ adjective 1 of philosophy: a philosophical discussion; philosophical works. فلسفی 2 (of a person) calm, not easily upset or worried: He's had a lot of bad luck, but he's philosophical about it. خونسرد؛ آرام ˌphiloˈsophically ♦ adverb از نظر فلسفه؛ فیلسوفانه phiˈlosophize, *phiˈlosophise ♦ verb to think about or discuss the nature of man, the purpose of life etc : He spends all his time philosophizing and never does any work. فلسفه پردازی کردن

Answer 242

♦ noun something done; an act: a good deed. عمل؛ کردار

Answer 243

reverse [rəˈvəːs] ♦ verb 1 to move backwards or in the opposite direction to normal: He reversed (the car) into the garage; He reversed the film through the projector. دنده عقب گرفتن؛ برگرداندن؛ 2 to put into the opposite position, state, order etc : This jacket can be reversed (= worn inside out). بر عکس شدن؛یا کردن 3 to change (a decision, policy etc ) to the exact opposite: The man was found guilty, but the judges in the appeal court reversed the decision. نقض کردن؛ لغو کردن ♦ noun 1 (also adjective ) (the) opposite: `Are you hungry?' `Quite the reverse – I've eaten far too much!'; I take the reverse point of view. وارونه؛ بر عکس 2 a defeat; a piece of bad luck. شکست؛ بد بیاری 3 (a mechanism eg one of the gears of a car etc which makes something move in) a backwards direction or a direction opposite to normal: He put the car into reverse; (also adjective ) a reverse gear. خلاف جهت؛ دنده عقب 4 (also adjective ) (of) the back of a coin, medal etc : the reverse (side) of a coin. طرف مقابل؛ پشت reˈversal ♦ noun a reversal of his previous decision. نقض حکم؛ فسخ رای reˈversed ♦ adjective in the opposite state, position, order etc : Once he worked for me. Now our positions are reversed and I work for him. واژگون؛ برعکس reˈversible ♦ adjective 1 able to be reversed. برگشت پذیر 2 (of clothes) able to be worn with either side out: Is that raincoat reversible? دو رو reverse the chargesto make a telephone call (a reverse-charge call) which is paid for by the person who receives it instead of by the caller. پول تلفن را به حساب گیرنده گذاشتن

Answer 244

hero [ˈhiərəu]– plural ˈheroes : feminine heroine [ˈherouin] – ♦ noun 1 a man or boy admired (by many people) for his brave deeds: The boy was regarded as a hero for saving his friend's life. قهرمان 2 the chief male person in a story, play etc : The hero of this book is a young American boy called Tom Sawyer. قهرمان heroic [hiˈrəuik] ♦ adjective 1 very brave: heroic deeds. قهرمانانه 2 of heroes: heroic tales. حماسی heˈroically ♦ adverb بطورقهرمانانه heroism [ˈherəuizm] ♦ noun great bravery: The policeman was given a medal in recognition of his heroism. دليری ˈhero-worship ♦ noun very great, sometimes too great, admiration for a person. قهرمان پرستی ♦ verb to show such admiration for (someone): The boy hero-worshipped the footballer. پرستیدن ``` the heroine (not heroin ) of the story. hero [ˈhiərəu]– plural ˈheroes : feminine heroine [ˈherouin] – ```

Answer 245

courage [ˈkaridʒ, (American) ˈkə:-] ♦ noun the quality that makes a person able to meet dangers without fear; bravery: It took courage to sail the Atlantic singlehanded. جرأت؛ شجاعت courageous [kəˈreidʒəs] ♦ adjective having courage: a courageous soldier. دلیر؛ پرجرأت couˈrageously ♦ adverb با شجاعت

Answer 246

vision [ˈviʒən] ♦ noun 1 something seen in the imagination or in a dream: God appeared to him in a vision. رویا 2 the ability to see or plan into the future: Politicians should be men of vision. بصیرت 3 the ability to see or the sense of sight: He is slowly losing his vision. بینایی

Answer 247

adverb as a result, therefore بنابراین؛ در نتیجه

Answer 248

occur [əˈkəː]– past tense, past participle ocˈcurred – ♦ verb 1 to take place: The accident occurred yesterday morning. اتفاق افتادن 2 (with to ) to come into one's mind: An idea occurred to him; It occurred to me to visit my parents. خطور کردن 3 to be found: Oil occurs under the sea. یافت شدن ``` ocˈcurrence [-ˈka-, (American) -ˈkə:-] ♦ noun a strange occurrence. اتفاق occurrence, ~occurred and occurring have two r s. ```

Answer 249

● نیمرخ،نیم نما I saw her profile in the mirror نیمرخ او را در آینه دیدم. ● نما the profile of a distant mountain نمای یک کوه دور دست ● شرح حال (مختصر و زنده)،تاریخچه ● (معماری) مقطع،برش عمودی ● نیمرخ کشیدن،نما کشیدن،برش عمودی رسم کردن ● شرح دادن

Answer 250

♦ noun 1 a line or row (especially of soldiers or taxis): The officer ordered the front rank to fire. ردیف؛ خط 2 (in the army, navy etc ) a person's position of importance: He was promoted to the rank of sergeant/colonel. رتبه؛ درجه 3 a social class: the lower social ranks. شان؛ منزلت ♦ verb to have, or give, a place in a group, according to importance: I would rank him among our greatest writers; Apes rank above dogs in intelligence. برتری داشتن ``` the rank and file 1 ordinary people. مردم عادی 2 ordinary soldiers, not officers. سربازان ```

Answer 251

♦ verb 1 to rebel (against a government etc ): The army revolted against the dictator. شورش کردن 2 to disgust: His habits revolt me. منزجر کردن ♦ noun 1 the act of rebelling: The peasants rose in revolt. شورش؛ آشوب 2 a rebellion. شورشی؛ عصان گر reˈvolted ♦ adjective having a feeling of disgust: I felt quite revolted at the sight. انزجار reˈvolting ♦ adjective causing a feeling of disgust: revolting food. چندش آور

Answer 252

♦ noun 1 one of the great divisions of the land surface of the world – Europe, America, Australia, Asia or Africa. قاره 2 Europe excluding Britain: We are going to the continent for our holidays. اروپا به غیر از انگلیس ˌcontiˈnental [-ˈnen-] ♦ adjective قاره ای continental breakfast a light breakfast of rolls and coffee. صبحانۀ سبک continental shelf ♦ noun the part of a continent that is under a relatively shallow sea. فلات قاره

Answer 253

♦ noun a mass of land almost the size of a continent, forming part of a larger mass of land: the Indian Subcontinent (= India, Pakistan and Bangladesh). شبه قاره

Answer 254

``` Noun 1. a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches (synonym) Protestant Reformation (hypernym) religious movement اصلاح ``` Noun 1. improvement (or an intended improvement) in the existing form or condition of institutions or practices etc.; intended to make a striking change for the better in social or political or religious affairs (hypernym) improvement, melioration (hyponym) counterreformation (derivation) reform 2. rescuing from error and returning to a rightful course; "the reclamation of delinquent children" (synonym) reclamation (hypernym) rescue, deliverance, delivery, saving (derivation) reform, reclaim, regenerate, rectify

Answer 255

کمونیست

Answer 256

out of the ordinary, unusual; superior, excellent | استثنایی

Answer 257

♦ verb 1 to increase speed: The driver accelerated to pass the other car. تسریع کردن؛ تندتر رفتن 2 to make (something) happen sooner: Worry accelerated his death. جلو انداختن acˌceleˈration ♦ noun شتاب acˈcelerator ♦ noun a pedal, lever etc that controls the speed or acceleration of a machine. پدال گاز

Answer 258

♦ noun 1 the buying and selling of goods: Japan does a lot of trade with Britain. تجارت 2 (a) business, occupation, or job: He's in the jewellery trade. حرفه؛ کار ♦ verb 1 (often with in or with ) to buy and sell: They made a lot of money by trading; They trade in fruit and vegetables. تجارت کردن 2 to exchange: I traded my watch for a bicycle. معوضه کردن ˈtrader ♦ noun a person who trades. تاجر ˈtrademark, *ˈtradename ♦ nouns an officially registered mark or name belonging to a particular company, and not to be used by anyone else, that is put on all goods made by the company. علامت تجاری ˈtradesman [ˈtreidz-] ♦ noun 1 a shopkeeper. مغازه دار 2 a workman in a skilled job: My husband cannot mend the television-set – I'll have to send for a tradesman. پیشه ور trade(s) union a group of workers of the same trade who join together to bargain with employers for fair wages, better working conditions etc . اتحادیه کارگری trade(s) unionist a member of a trade(s) union (nountrade(s) unionism ). عضو اتحادیه کارگری trade wind a wind that blows towards the equator (from the north-east and south-east). باد مداوم جنوب شرقی یا شمال خاوری trade into give (something) as part-payment for something else: We decided to trade in our old car and get a new one ( nounˈtrade-in ) مبادله کردن

Answer 259

♦ adjective clearly to be seen or understood: his evident satisfaction; It is evident that you have misunderstood me. آشکار؛ هویدا ˈevidently ♦ adverb 1 as far as can be seen: Evidently he disagrees. ظاهراً 2 clearly or obviously: He was quite evidently furious. همانا؛ آشکارا

Answer 260

Adjective 1. causing extreme terror; "a terrifying wail" (synonym) terrific (similar) alarming ``` terrify Verb 1. fill with terror; frighten greatly (synonym) terrorize, terrorise (hypernym) frighten, fright, scare, affright (hyponym) panic (derivation) panic, terror مرعوب کردن وحشت‌زده کردن ```

Answer 261

● سهمگین،سهمناک،دهشتناک ● (مجازی) بسیار بد،وحشتناک horrendous prices قیمت‌های وحشتناک it was a horrendous play نمایش خیلی بدی بود.

Answer 262

♦ noun a member (usually male) of an army, often one who is not an officer: The boy wants to be a soldier when he grows up. سرباز soldier on to keep going despite difficulties etc : There have been several power-cuts in the office, but we are trying to soldier on (despite them). پايداري كردن

Answer 263

enemy [ˈenəmi]– plural ˈenemies – ♦ noun 1 a person who hates or wishes to harm one: She is so good and kind that she has no enemies. دشمن 2 (also noun plural ) troops, forces, a nation etc opposed to oneself in war etc : He's one of the enemy; The enemy was/were encamped on the hillside; (also adjective ) enemy forces. دشمن

Answer 264

superb [suˈpəːb] ♦ adjective magnificent or excellent: a superb view/meal. با شكوه suˈperbly ♦ adverb شكوهمندانه

Answer 265

Adverb 1. with good reason; "he is justifiably bitter" (synonym) with reason (antonym) unjustifiably, inexcusably (pertainym) justifiable بط‌ورتوجیه‌پذیر، چنانکه‌بتوان‌ توجیه‌یااثبات‌ نمود، ب

Answer 266

admire [ədˈmaiə] ♦ verb 1 to look at with great pleasure and often to express this pleasure: I've just been admiring your new car. تحسین کردن 2 to have a very high opinion of (something or someone): I admire John's courage. پسندیدن؛ ستودن ˈadmirable [ˈӕdmə-] ♦ adjective extremely good: His behaviour during the riot was admirable. تحسین برانگیز ˈadmirably [ˈӕdmə-] ♦ adverb extremely well: He's admirably suited to the job. بطور تحسین برانگیز admiration [ӕdmiˈreiʃən] ♦ noun They were filled with admiration at the team's performance. تمجید adˈmirer ♦ noun 1 one who admires (someone or something): He is an admirer of Mozart. ستایشگر 2 a man who is attracted by a particular woman: She has many admirers. شیفته؛ سینه چاک adˈmiring ♦ adjective an admiring glance. تحسین آمیز adˈmiringly ♦ adverb بطور ستایش آمیز

Answer 267

era [ˈiərə] ♦ noun 1 a number of years counting from an important point in history: the Victorian era. دوره؛ زمانه 2 a period of time marked by an important event or events: an era of social reform. عصر؛ دوران

Answer 268

Noun 1. a person who enjoys taking risks (synonym) venturer (hypernym) person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal, human, soul (hyponym) argonaut (derivation) gamble, chance, risk, hazard, take chances, adventure, run a risk, take a chance مخاطره‌طلب؛ ماجراجو 2. someone who travels into little known regions (especially for some scientific purpose) (synonym) explorer (hypernym) person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal, human, soul (hyponym) conquistador (derivation) gamble, chance, risk, hazard, take chances, adventure, run a risk, take a chance

Answer 269

native [ˈneitiv] ♦ adjective 1 where one was born: my native land. محلی 2 belonging to that place; local: the native customs/art of Brazil; This animal/plant is native to Australia. اهل 3 belonging by race to a country: a native Englishman. اهل 4 belonging to a person naturally: native intelligence. بومی ♦ noun 1 a person born in a certain place: a native of Scotland; a native of London. اهل 2 one of the original inhabitants of a country eg before the arrival of explorers, immigrants etc : Columbus thought the natives of America were Indians. سکنه Native ˈAmerican ♦ noun American Indian. اریکایی native ˈlanguage/ˈtongue ♦ noun My native language is Spanish, but I also speak English and German. زبان بومی native speaker a person who has spoken a particular language ever since he was able to speak at all: I am a native speaker of English; a native Spanish speaker. گوینده بومی native to (of plants and animals) belonging originally to a particular place: These birds are native to Australia. بومی the Nativity [nəˈtivəti] the birth of Christ. تولد عیسی

Answer 270

fame [feim] ♦ noun the quality of being well-known: Her novels brought her fame. شهرت ˈfamous ♦ adjective well-known (for good or worthy reasons): She is famous for her strength. مشهور ˈfamously ♦ adverb very well. عالی

Answer 271

Arctic [ˈaːktik] ♦ adjective 1 of the area round the North Pole: the Arctic wilderness. وابسته به قطب شمال 2 (no capital ) very cold: arctic conditions. بسیار سرد؛ منجمد

Answer 272

``` Antarctic [ӕntˈaːktik] ♦ adjective, ♦ noun (with the ) (of) the area round the South Pole. وابسته به قطب جنوب ```

Answer 273

splendid [ˈsplendid] ♦ adjective 1 brilliant, magnificent, very rich and grand etc : He looked splendid in his robes. با شكوه 2 very good or fine: a splendid piece of work. عالي ˈsplendidly ♦ adverb ˈsplendour [-də] ♦ noun ˈsplendidness ♦ noun

Answer 274

frontier [ˈfrantiə, (American) franˈtiər] ♦ noun 1 a boundary between countries: We crossed the frontier; (also adjective ) a frontier town. مرز 2 the farthest area of land on which people live and work, before the country becomes wild and deserted: Many families went to make a new life on the frontier. سرزمین مرزی 3 the limits or boundaries (of knowledge etc ): the frontiers of scientific knowledge. مرز

Answer 275

privilege [ˈprivəlidʒ] ♦ noun (a) favour or right available, or granted, to only one person, or to a small number of people: Senior students are usually allowed certain privileges. امتیاز ˈprivileged ♦ adjective برخوردار از امتیاز

Answer 276

pioneer [paiəˈniə] ♦ noun 1 a person who goes to a new, often uninhabited or uncivilized (part of a) country to live and work there: The American pioneers; (also adjective ) a pioneer family. مهاجر اولیه 2 a person who is the first to study some new subject, or use or develop a new technique etc : Joseph Lister was one of the pioneers of modern medicine; The Wright brothers were the pioneers of aeroplane flight. پیشگام ♦ verb to be the first to do or make: Who pioneered the use of vaccine for preventing polio? پیش قدم بودن

Answer 277

restore [rəˈstoː] ♦ verb 1 to repair (a building, a painting, a piece of furniture etc ) so that it looks as it used to or ought to. تعمیر کردن 2 to bring back to a normal or healthy state: The patient was soon restored to health. درمان کردن؛ ودباره سالم کردن 3 to bring or give back: to restore law and order; The police restored the stolen cars to their owners. باز گرداندن 4 to bring or put (a person) back to a position, rank etc he once had: He was asked to resign but was later restored to his former job as manager. دوباره منسوب شدن ˌrestoˈration [restə-] ♦ noun The building was closed for restoration(s). بازسازی؛ reˈstorer ♦ noun a person or thing that restores: a furniture-restorer. تعمیر کننده

Answer 278

exhibit [igˈzibit] ♦ verb 1 to show; to display to the public: My picture is to be exhibited in the art gallery. به نمایش گذاشتن؛ نشان دادن 2 to show (a quality etc ): He exhibited a complete lack of concern for others. بروز دادن؛ نشان دادن ♦ noun 1 an object displayed publicly (eg in a museum): One of the exhibits is missing. کالای نمایشی؛ کار عرضه شده 2 an object or document produced in court as part of the evidence: The blood-stained scarf was exhibit number one in the murder trial. مدرک؛ سند exhibition [eksiˈbiʃən] ♦ noun 1 a public display (eg of works of art, industrial goods etc ): an exhibition of children's books. به نمایش گذاری؛ عرضه 2 an act of showing or revealing: What an exhibition of bad temper! نمود؛ عرضه exˈhibitor ♦ noun a person who provides an exhibit for a display etc : He is one of the exhibitors at the flower show. عرضه کننده؛ نشان دهنده

Answer 279

possess [pəˈzes] ♦ verb to own or have: How much money does he possess? دارا بودن؛ داشتن posˈsession [-ʃən] ♦ noun 1 something which is owned by a person, country etc : She lost all her possessions in the fire. دارایی 2 the state of possessing. مالکیت posˈsessive [-siv] ♦ adjective 1 showing that someone or something possesses an object etc : `Yours', `mine', `his', `hers', `theirs' are possessive pronouns; `your', `my', `his', `their' are possessive adjectives. ملکی 2 acting as though things and people are one's personal possessions: a possessive mother. تملک گرای posˈsessively ♦ adverb بطور ملکی posˈsessiveness ♦ noun تملک گرایی posˈsessor ♦ noun He is the proud possessor of a new car. مالک

Answer 280

consequently

Answer 281

regard (as)

Answer 282

subcontinent

Answer 283

reformation

Answer 284

exceptional

Answer 285

exceptional

Answer 286

accelerate

Answer 287

trade union

Answer 288

terrifying

Answer 289

horrendous

Answer 290

justifiably

Answer 291

adventurer

Answer 292

Arctic=قطب شمال و حومه | Antarctic=قطب جنوب و حومه

Focus On Vocabulary 1 Flashcards

(481 cards)