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Basal Ganglia Flashcards

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1
Q

collection of gray matter nuclei located deep within the cerebral white matter

A

basal ganglia

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2
Q

Basal ganglia components

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus (GP)
Subthalamic nucleus (STN) –> nucleus of Luys
Substantia nigra (SN)

Stratum Neostriatum: Caudate, Putamen
Lentiform nucleus: Putamen, Globus Pallidus
Corpus striatum: Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus

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3
Q

Ventral striatum
Similar embryonic development and input/ output connections
limbic system

A

nucleus accumbens

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4
Q

do not participate in any direct way in modulation of movement

A

amygdaloid nuclear complex (limbic system) and claustrum

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5
Q

nucleus of Luys

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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6
Q

elongated arched gray cellular mass related throughout its extent to the lateral ventricle

A

caudate nucleus

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7
Q

shape of caudate

A

c shaped

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8
Q

lateral surface of caudate nucleus is related to

A

internal capsule which separates it from lentiform nucleus

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9
Q

parts of caudate nucleus

A

head - enlarged, protrudes into anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Body - dorsolateral to the thalamus near the lat wall of the lat ventricle

Tail - follows the curvature of inf horn of lat ventricle and enters the temporal lobe; terminates in the region of the amygdaloid complex

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10
Q

wedge shaped with apex directed medially

A

lentiform nucleus

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11
Q

lentiform broad convex base is directed

A

laterally

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12
Q

separates lentiform from claustrum

A

external capsule

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13
Q

most lat part of the corpus striatum and is darker and larger

A

putamen

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14
Q

location of lentiform

A

b/w int and ext capsule

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15
Q

loc of putamen

A

b/w ext capsule and lat medullary lamina of globus pallidus

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16
Q

rostral part of putamen is continuous

A

ventromedially with head of caudate

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17
Q

most medial part of lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus (lighter, inner portion)

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18
Q

has high concentration of myelinated fibers

A

globus pallidus

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19
Q

origin of globus pallidus

A

diencephalic orgin

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20
Q

separates 2 segments of globus pallidus

A

medial medullary lamina

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21
Q

medial border of globus pallidus

A

fibers of post limb of internal capsule

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22
Q

divides corpus striatum into caudate and lentiform

A

internal capsule

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23
Q

striated appearance produced by grands of gray matter passing through int capsule and connecting the caudate nucleus to putamen

A

striatum

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24
Q

receives inputs to basal ganglia

A

striatume

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25
joins caudate and putamen in some places
cellular bridges
26
putamen is fused with head of caudate forming
ventral striatum
27
nucleus found in ventral striatum
nucleus accumbens
28
neurotransmitter in substantia nigra
dopamine
29
2 portions of substantia nigra
substantia nigra pars reticulata (ventral) substantia nigra pars compacta (dorsal)
30
diff between pars reticulata and compacta
pars reticulata is ventral. Cells are similar to globus pallidus interna (GPI) and is seprated by int capsule pars compacta is dorsal and has darkly pigmented dopaminergic neurons
31
spindle or cigar shaped
subthalamic nucleus
32
connections of the basal ganglia
main input/ receptive site: striatum (caudate, putamen) main output: GPi and substantia nigra pars reticulata
33
neurons of basal ganglia for input and output
glutamate - excitatory GABA - inhibitory
34
other sources of input to basal ganglia
intralaminar nuclei of thalamus (centromedian and parafascicular nuclei) -> (+) glutamate raphe nuclei - seretonin
35
Frontal lobe outputs of the four parallel channels through basal ganglia
Motor channel - motor oculomotor - eye movements prefrontal channel - cognitive process limbic channel - emotions
36
Output pathways from GPi run to thalamus through two bundles:
Ansa Lenticularis Fasciculus lenticularis
37
Difference b/w Ansa lenticularis and Fasciculus lenticularis
Ansa lenticularis (H2 field of Forel) - lenticular loop - sweeps around internal capsule - looping course ventrally under int capsule before passing dorsally to thalamus Fasciculus lenticularis - traverse int capsule in small fascicles and continues medially and caudally to join ansa in the prerubral field - penetrate straight through int capsule
38
Ansa Lenticularis and Lenticular fasciculus both join to form the
thalamic fasciculus
39
thalamic fasciculus contain what projections
pallidothalamic, mesothalamic, rubrothalamic, dentatothalamic
40
centromedian group of Ansa Lenticularis and Lenticular fasciculus project back to the putamen and via what to nucleus to caudate
parafasciscular nucleus
41
origin of projections found in thalamic fasciculus
Mesothalamic - substantia nigra rubrothalamic - red nucleus dentatothalamic - cerebellum
42
Fields of Forel
H1 - thalamic fasciculus H2 - lenticular fasciculus dorsal to subthalamic nucleus H(prerubral field) = where ansa lenticularis and lenticular fascisculus join together
43
where ansa lenticularis and lenticular fascisculus join together
H (prerubral field)
44
Subthalamic fasciculus carries fibers of indirect pathway from ____ to ___ and from ____ to ____
GPe to STN STN to GPi
45
function of basal ganglia
act as brake or switch - brake (inhibitory action) - switch (select which of the avail motor programs will be active at a given time) motor programming priming of motor systems for rapid execution
46
pyramidal vs extrapyramidal
pyramidal (lesions in corticospinal/ UMN pathways) extrapyramidal (lesions in basal ganglia)
47
unilateral movement disorders is due to
contralateral Basal ganglia because motor pathways cross due to pyramidal tract
48
movement disorders from slowest to fastest
Slow: Bradykinesia hypokinesia rigidity dystonia medium: Athetosis Chorea Fast: Ballismus tics Myoclonus
49
Bradykinesia vs hypokinesia vs akinesia
Bradykinesia - slowed movement hypokinesia - decreased amount of movements akinesia- absence of movenent
50
Marked psychomotor retardation in patients with schizophrenia or severe depression
Catatonia (not a basal ganglia lesion)`
51
increased resistance to passive movement of the limb
rigidity
52
lesion in spasticity
upper motor neuron
53
clasp knife phenomenon in hemiplegic, quadriplegic, monoplegic, or paraplegic distribution
Spasticity
54
How does the examiner elicits the clasp-knife phenomenon, catch and yield sensation
by a quick jerk of resting extremity
55
lead-pipe phenomenon, often with cogwheeling and tremor at rest; usually in all four extremities but may have a hemi distribution
rigidity
56
how does the examiner elicits the lead-pipe phenomenon of rigidity
by making a relatively slow movement of pt's resting extremity
57
lead pipe rigidity vs cogwheel rigidity
lead pipe rigidity - more continuous throughout attempts to bend the limb cogwheel - ratchet like interruptions in tone
58
Rigidity: frontal lobe dysfunction actively resist movement of their limbs; more active; inconsistent or almost voluntary quality
paratonia/ gegenhalten
59
phenomenon: spastcity vs rigidity
Spasticity: Clasp-life Rigidity: lead pipe
60
abnormal, distorted positions of limbs, trunk, or face that are sustained or slower than athetosis pt stay at a certain posture
Dystonia
61
Focal vs Generalized dystonia
focal - torticollis, blepharospasms, spasmodic dysphonia, writer's cramp Generalized - XDP
62
slow, writhing movements usually of the fingers and extremities that sometimes merge with faster choreic movements
athetosis
63
"dance" characterized by nearly continuous involuntary movements that have a fluid or jerky, constant varying quality
chorea
64
"throw" movement of the proximal limb muscles with large-amplitude or more rotatory flinging quality
ballismus
65
unilat flinging movements of extremities contra to lesion in BG
hemiballismus
66
leading to decreased pallidal inhibition of the thalamus
subthalamic nucleus lesion
67
sudden brief action by urge and is followed by a sense of relief
tics
68
persistent motor and vocal tics
tourette's syndrome
69
fastest of all movement disorders
myoclonus
70
intermittent brief flexion movements of wrists bilat as pt attempts to hold stop the traffic position
asterixis (flapping tumor)
71
types of tremors
resting tremor (3-5 Hz) - prominent when limbs are relaxed - disappears when patient moves their limbs - parkinsons disease - aka pill rolling tremor postural tremor - when limbs are held in a position - disappears at rest Essential tremor (5-8 Hz) - benign - increases with stress - alcohol decreases it temporarily Physiological (8-13) - normal Intention (2-4) - when pt move limb toward a target Rubral (2-4) - low at rest but becomes more violent when limbs are abducted slightly or hold a movement - lesion in superior cerebellar peduncle

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