Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

collection of gray matter nuclei located deep within the cerebral white matter

A

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Basal ganglia components

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus (GP)
Subthalamic nucleus (STN) –> nucleus of Luys
Substantia nigra (SN)

Stratum Neostriatum: Caudate, Putamen
Lentiform nucleus: Putamen, Globus Pallidus
Corpus striatum: Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ventral striatum
Similar embryonic development and input/ output connections
limbic system

A

nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

do not participate in any direct way in modulation of movement

A

amygdaloid nuclear complex (limbic system) and claustrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nucleus of Luys

A

Subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

elongated arched gray cellular mass related throughout its extent to the lateral ventricle

A

caudate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

shape of caudate

A

c shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lateral surface of caudate nucleus is related to

A

internal capsule which separates it from lentiform nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

parts of caudate nucleus

A

head - enlarged, protrudes into anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Body - dorsolateral to the thalamus near the lat wall of the lat ventricle

Tail - follows the curvature of inf horn of lat ventricle and enters the temporal lobe; terminates in the region of the amygdaloid complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

wedge shaped with apex directed medially

A

lentiform nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

lentiform broad convex base is directed

A

laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

separates lentiform from claustrum

A

external capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

most lat part of the corpus striatum and is darker and larger

A

putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

location of lentiform

A

b/w int and ext capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

loc of putamen

A

b/w ext capsule and lat medullary lamina of globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rostral part of putamen is continuous

A

ventromedially with head of caudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

most medial part of lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus (lighter, inner portion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

has high concentration of myelinated fibers

A

globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

origin of globus pallidus

A

diencephalic orgin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

separates 2 segments of globus pallidus

A

medial medullary lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

medial border of globus pallidus

A

fibers of post limb of internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

divides corpus striatum into caudate and lentiform

A

internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

striated appearance produced by grands of gray matter passing through int capsule and connecting the caudate nucleus to putamen

A

striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

receives inputs to basal ganglia

A

striatume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

joins caudate and putamen in some places

A

cellular bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

putamen is fused with head of caudate forming

A

ventral striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

nucleus found in ventral striatum

A

nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

neurotransmitter in substantia nigra

A

dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

2 portions of substantia nigra

A

substantia nigra pars reticulata (ventral)
substantia nigra pars compacta (dorsal)

30
Q

diff between pars reticulata and compacta

A

pars reticulata is ventral. Cells are similar to globus pallidus interna (GPI) and is seprated by int capsule

pars compacta is dorsal and has darkly pigmented dopaminergic neurons

31
Q

spindle or cigar shaped

A

subthalamic nucleus

32
Q

connections of the basal ganglia

A

main input/ receptive site: striatum (caudate, putamen)
main output: GPi and substantia nigra pars reticulata

33
Q

neurons of basal ganglia for input and output

A

glutamate - excitatory
GABA - inhibitory

34
Q

other sources of input to basal ganglia

A

intralaminar nuclei of thalamus (centromedian and parafascicular nuclei) -> (+) glutamate

raphe nuclei - seretonin

35
Q

Frontal lobe outputs of the four parallel channels through basal ganglia

A

Motor channel - motor
oculomotor - eye movements
prefrontal channel - cognitive process
limbic channel - emotions

36
Q

Output pathways from GPi run to thalamus through two bundles:

A

Ansa Lenticularis
Fasciculus lenticularis

37
Q

Difference b/w Ansa lenticularis and Fasciculus lenticularis

A

Ansa lenticularis (H2 field of Forel)
- lenticular loop
- sweeps around internal capsule
- looping course ventrally under int capsule before passing dorsally to thalamus

Fasciculus lenticularis
- traverse int capsule in small fascicles and continues medially and caudally to join ansa in the prerubral field
- penetrate straight through int capsule

38
Q

Ansa Lenticularis and Lenticular fasciculus both join to form the

A

thalamic fasciculus

39
Q

thalamic fasciculus contain what projections

A

pallidothalamic, mesothalamic, rubrothalamic, dentatothalamic

40
Q

centromedian group of Ansa Lenticularis and Lenticular fasciculus project back to the putamen and via what to nucleus to caudate

A

parafasciscular nucleus

41
Q

origin of projections found in thalamic fasciculus

A

Mesothalamic - substantia nigra
rubrothalamic - red nucleus
dentatothalamic - cerebellum

42
Q

Fields of Forel

A

H1 - thalamic fasciculus
H2 - lenticular fasciculus dorsal to subthalamic nucleus
H(prerubral field) = where ansa lenticularis and lenticular fascisculus join together

43
Q

where ansa lenticularis and lenticular fascisculus join together

A

H (prerubral field)

44
Q

Subthalamic fasciculus carries fibers of indirect pathway from ____ to ___ and from ____ to ____

A

GPe to STN

STN to GPi

45
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

act as brake or switch
- brake (inhibitory action)
- switch (select which of the avail motor programs will be active at a given time)

motor programming
priming of motor systems for rapid execution

46
Q

pyramidal vs extrapyramidal

A

pyramidal (lesions in corticospinal/ UMN pathways)

extrapyramidal (lesions in basal ganglia)

47
Q

unilateral movement disorders is due to

A

contralateral Basal ganglia because motor pathways cross due to pyramidal tract

48
Q

movement disorders from slowest to fastest

A

Slow:
Bradykinesia hypokinesia
rigidity
dystonia

medium:
Athetosis
Chorea

Fast:
Ballismus
tics
Myoclonus

49
Q

Bradykinesia vs hypokinesia vs akinesia

A

Bradykinesia - slowed movement
hypokinesia - decreased amount of movements
akinesia- absence of movenent

50
Q

Marked psychomotor retardation in patients with schizophrenia or severe depression

A

Catatonia (not a basal ganglia lesion)`

51
Q

increased resistance to passive movement of the limb

A

rigidity

52
Q

lesion in spasticity

A

upper motor neuron

53
Q

clasp knife phenomenon in hemiplegic, quadriplegic, monoplegic, or paraplegic distribution

A

Spasticity

54
Q

How does the examiner elicits the
clasp-knife phenomenon,
catch and yield sensation

A

by a quick jerk of resting extremity

55
Q

lead-pipe phenomenon, often with cogwheeling and tremor at rest; usually in all four extremities but may have a hemi distribution

A

rigidity

56
Q

how does the examiner elicits the lead-pipe phenomenon of rigidity

A

by making a relatively slow movement of pt’s resting extremity

57
Q

lead pipe rigidity vs cogwheel rigidity

A

lead pipe rigidity - more continuous throughout attempts to bend the limb

cogwheel - ratchet like interruptions in tone

58
Q

Rigidity:

frontal lobe dysfunction actively resist movement of their limbs; more active; inconsistent or almost voluntary quality

A

paratonia/ gegenhalten

59
Q

phenomenon: spastcity vs rigidity

A

Spasticity: Clasp-life
Rigidity: lead pipe

60
Q

abnormal, distorted positions of limbs, trunk, or face that are sustained or slower than athetosis

pt stay at a certain posture

A

Dystonia

61
Q

Focal vs Generalized dystonia

A

focal - torticollis, blepharospasms, spasmodic dysphonia, writer’s cramp

Generalized - XDP

62
Q

slow, writhing movements usually of the fingers and extremities that sometimes merge with faster choreic movements

A

athetosis

63
Q

“dance” characterized by nearly continuous involuntary movements that have a fluid or jerky, constant varying quality

A

chorea

64
Q

“throw”

movement of the proximal limb muscles with large-amplitude or more rotatory flinging quality

A

ballismus

65
Q

unilat flinging movements of extremities contra to lesion in BG

A

hemiballismus

66
Q

leading to decreased pallidal inhibition of the thalamus

A

subthalamic nucleus lesion

67
Q

sudden brief action by urge and is followed by a sense of relief

A

tics

68
Q

persistent motor and vocal tics

A

tourette’s syndrome

69
Q

fastest of all movement disorders

A

myoclonus

70
Q

intermittent brief flexion movements of wrists bilat as pt attempts to hold stop the traffic position

A

asterixis (flapping tumor)

71
Q

types of tremors

A

resting tremor (3-5 Hz)
- prominent when limbs are relaxed
- disappears when patient moves their limbs
- parkinsons disease
- aka pill rolling tremor

postural tremor
- when limbs are held in a position
- disappears at rest

Essential tremor (5-8 Hz)
- benign
- increases with stress
- alcohol decreases it temporarily

Physiological (8-13)
- normal

Intention (2-4)
- when pt move limb toward a target

Rubral (2-4)
- low at rest but becomes more violent when limbs are abducted slightly or hold a movement
- lesion in superior cerebellar peduncle

Neuro (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions