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Neuro - Week 4 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

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1
Q

These four structures form the basal ganglia

A

Striatum (caudate and putamen)
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

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2
Q

The striatum is made up of these two structures

A

Caudate and putamen

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3
Q

Component of the basal ganglia with an internal and external segment

A

Globus pallidus

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?

A

Motor control
(in addition to cognitive function and emotions)

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5
Q

This brain structure is essential for automating motor tasks through repeated practice
Includes walking, running, cycling, playing a musical instrument, typing

A

Basal ganglia

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6
Q

Dysfunction of this brain structure occurs in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease

A

Basal ganglia

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7
Q

This is often called the ventral striatum

A

Nucleus accumbens

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8
Q

Part of the basal ganglia that is involved in decision making functions, such as motor control, emotion, habit formation, and reward

A

Striatum

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9
Q

This segment of the globus pallidus is known in rodents as the globus pallidus

A

External

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10
Q

This segment of the globus pallidus is known in rodents as the entopeduncular nucleus

A

Internal

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11
Q

Component of the basal ganglia that regulates movements that occur on the subconscious level

A

Globus pallidus

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12
Q

Imbalances in this component of the basal ganglia can result in jerks and other hyperkinetic movements

A

Globus pallidus

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13
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is located ventral to this

A

thalamus

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14
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is located dorsal to this

A

Substantia nigra

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15
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is located medial to this

A

Internal capsule

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16
Q

The principle neurons of the subthalamic nucleus use this neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate
(are excitatory)

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17
Q

Component of the basal ganglia that receives input from the motor cortex, external GPe, substantia nigra pars compacta, and pedunculopontine nucleus

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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18
Q

Component of the basal ganglia that is required to achieve intended movement, including locomotion, balance and motor coordination
Also involved in stopping or interrupting on-going motor tasks

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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19
Q

This component of the basal ganglia is involved in stopping or interrupting on-going motor tasks

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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20
Q

Midbrain structure that has two distinct parts: the pars compacta and pars reticulata

A

Substantia nigra

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21
Q

This is the source of dopaminergic pathway to the striatum
Loss of neurons in this area is the cause of Parkinson’s disease

A

Substantia nigra - pars compacta

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22
Q

Component of the basal ganglia that plays important role in eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addition

A

Substantia nigra

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23
Q

The substantia nigra pars compacta is the source of this type of pathway to the striatum

A

Dopaminergic

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24
Q

The substantia nigra pars compacta is the source of dopaminergic pathway to this structure

A

Striatum

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25
Loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta cause this condition
Parkinson's disease
26
Part of the substantia nigra that is involved in learned responses to stimuli, temporal processing, and fine motor control
Pars compacta
27
These two pathways provide input to the basal ganglia
Corticostriatal Nigrostriatal
28
The Substantia nigra pars compacta projects dopamine to the striatum, known as this pathway Affected in Parkinson's disease
Nigrostriatal
29
The basal ganglia sends major ouput to this structure
Thalamus (which projects back to cortex via thalamo-cortical projections)
30
The basal ganglia sends major output to thalamus, which projects to this
Cortex (thalamo-cortical pathway)
31
The striatum inhibits these two structures
Globus pallidus internus Substantia nigra pars reticulata
32
This structure inhibits the Globus pallidus internus and Substantia nigra pars reticulata
Striatum
33
Does the direct (D1) or indirect (D2) pathway send excitatory signals to the striatum?
Both
34
The striatum inhibits the GPi and SNpr as part of this basal ganglia pathway
Direct (D1) pathway
35
Does the direct (D1) or indirect (D2) pathway of the basal ganglia facilitate movement?
Direct (D1)
36
Do the GPi and SNpr send excitatory or inhibitory signals to the thalamus?
Inhibitory
37
Are the GPi and SNpr inhibited in the direct (D1) or indirect (D2) basal ganglia pathway?
Direct (D1)
38
Does the striatum excite or inhibit the GPe?
Inhibits
39
Does the striatum excite or inhibit the GPi and SNpr?
Inhibit
40
Does the GPe excite or inhibit the substantia nigra?
Inhibits
41
Does the subthalamic nucleus excite or inhibit the Gpi and SNpr?
Excites
42
Does the striatum or subthalamic nucleus have an excitatory effect on the GPi and SNr?
STN
43
Does the direct (D1) or indirect (D2) basal ganglia pathway involve the suppression of movement by increasing inhibition of thalamocortical neurons?
Indirect (D2)
44
This basal ganglia pathway provides a quick and precise route for fine-tuning motor control without striatal involvement
Hyperdirect pathway
45
The hyperdirect basal ganglia pathway involves direct cortical signals to this
Subthalamic nucleus
46
Does the hyperdirect pathway of the basal ganglia result in excitation or inhibition of the thalamus?
Inhibits (suppresses movement)
47
Does the direct (D1) pathway of the basal ganglia result in disinhibition or inhibition of the thalamus?
Disinhibition (facilitates movement)
48
Does the indirect (D2) pathway of the basal ganglia result in excitation or inhibition of the thalamus?
Inhibition (suppresses movement)
49
Which basal ganglia pathway facilitates movement?
Direct (D1)
50
Is Parkinson's disease a hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disorder?
Hypokinetic
51
Is Huntington's disease a hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disorder?
Hyperkinetic
52
This type of tremor is 3-5 Hz at rest (normal is 8-13 Hz)
Parkinsonian
53
Most common type of tremor that has many causes
Essential tremor
54
Parkinsonian tremor is this frequency at rest
3-5 Hz (normal is 8-13 Hz)
55
Type of dyskinesia that involves brisk jerky involuntary movements that are fragments of purposeful movement, affects distal extremities, face and tongue
Chorea
56
Chorea is a side effect of this drug used in Parkinson's disease
Levodopa
57
Type of dyskinesia that is similar to chorea but more violent, forceful flinging of arms and legs
Ballismus
58
Hemiballismus is due to lesions to this structure
Subthalamic nucleus
59
Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of neurons in this structure
Substantia nigra pars compacta - nigrostriatal pathway (and depletion of dopamine)
60
In Parkinson's disease, is the direct or indirect basal ganglia pathway underactive?
Direct (D1)
61
In Parkinson's disease, is the direct or indirect basal ganglia pathway overactive?
Indirect (D2)
62
In Parkinson's disease, is the thalamus inhibited or disinhibited?
Inhibited (leads to rigidity and slowness)
63
Parkinson's disease is attributable to progressive loss of this type of activity in the striatum
Dopaminergic
64
Condition with presence of synucleinopathy – involving accumulation of misfolded a-synuclein that forms Lewy bodies
Parkinson's disease
65
This protein is present in Parkinson's disease and is misfolded, forming Lewy bodies
a-synuclein
66
Dopamine precursors (e.g. Levodopa) can be used to treat Parkinson's, but overmedication may induce this side effect
Dyskinesia (involuntary movements)
67
Deep brain stimulation can be used to treat Parkinson's disease, and these two structures are targets
Subthalamic nucleus and Globus pallidus internus
68
Condition that involves a CAG trinucleotide repeat, which leads to neuronal loss in the striatum and cortex
Huntington's disease
69
Huntington's disease involves a CAG trinucleotide repeat, which leads to neuronal loss in these two parts of the brain
Striatum and cortex
70
Huntington's disease involves interruption of this basal ganglia pathway
Indirect pathway (D2) (leads to increased activation of thalamus)
71
This structure is the most common deep brain stimulation therapy for Huntington's disease
Globus pallidus internus

Neuro - Week 4 (9 decks)

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