Cerebellum Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Is the cerebellar cortex made up of white or gray matter?
A
Gray
2
Q
The function of this part of the cerebellum is to process information from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex, and send inhibitory signals to the deep cerebellar nuclei
A
Cerebellar cortex
3
Q
Does the cerebellar cortex send excitatory or inhibitory signals to the deep cerebellar nuclei?
A
Inhibitory
4
Q
Is the deep cerebellar nuclei within the white or gray matter?
A
White
5
Q
Are the deep cerebellar nuclei input or output structures?
A
Output
6
Q
Do the deep cerebellar nuclei integrate excitatory or inhibitory signals?
A
Both
7
Q
The function of this major part of the cerebellum is to integrate inhibitory and excitatory signals and project to various motor and cognitive centers
A
Deep cerebellar nuclei
8
Q
What are the three primary lobes of the cerebellum?
A
anterior, posterior, flocculonodular
9
Q
This cerebellar lobe is separated by the primary fissure
A
Anterior lobe
10
Q
This cerebellar lobe is separated by the posterolateral fissure
A
Posterior lobe
11
Q
This fissure separates the corpus cerebelli into posterior and anterior lobes
A
Primary fissure
12
Q
This fissure separates the flocculonodular lobe from the corpus cerebelli
A
Posterolateral fissure
13
Q
This cerebellum division is along the midsagittal plane
A
Vermis
14
Q
This cerebellum division is lateral to the vermis
A
Intermediate zone
15
Q
This cerebellum division is lateral to the intermediate zone
A
Lateral hemisphere
16
Q
Small, inferior portion of the cerebellum
Known as the vestibulocerebellum
A
Flocculonodular lobe
17
Q
Portion of the cerebellum that regulates posture, balance, and smooth eye movements (like tracking objects)
A
Flocculonodular lobe
18
Q
Is the flocculus or the nodulus on each side of the cerebellum?
A
Flocculus
19
Q
Is the flocculus or the nodulus in the midline and part of the vermis?
A
Nodulus
20
Q
The cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to this
A
Brainstem
21
Q
This cerebellar peduncle contains fibers from the contralateral inferior olive (olivocerebellar fibers)
A
Inferior
22
Q
This cerebellar peduncle contains fibers that form the climbing fibers, essential for motor learning and timing
A
Inferior
23
Q
The inferior cerebellar peduncle contains fibers from this
A
Contralateral inferior olive
(olivocerebellar fibers)
24
Q
Fibers from the inferior cerebellar peduncle form these, which are essential for motor learning and timing
A
Climbing fibers
25
Cerebellar peduncle that has functions in motor learning and timing
Inferior
26
This cerebellar peduncle contains fibers from the contralateral pontine nuclei (pontocerebellar fibers)
Middle
27
Fibers from this cerebellar peduncle form the mossy fibers, responsible for conveying cortical information about movement planning
Middle
28
This cerebellar peduncle functions in conveying cortical information about movement planning
Middle
29
The middle cerebellum peduncle contains fibers from this
Contralateral pontine nuclei
(pontocerebellar fibers)
30
Fibers from the middle cerebellar peduncle form these, which are responsible for conveying cortical information about movement planning
Mossy fibers
31
This cerebellar peduncle is the main output pathway of the cerebellum
Superior
32
This cerebellar peduncle has fibers that arise from the interpositus and dentate nuclei
Superior
33
This cerebellar peduncle projects to the contralateral red nucleus and thalamus, influencing motor coordination and execution
Superior
34
Fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle arise from these two structures
Interpositus and Dentate nuclei
35
The superior cerebellar peduncle projects to these two structures
Contralateral red nucleus and Thalamus
36
This cerebellar peduncle functions in motor coordination and execution
Superior
37
This is the innermost histological layer of the cerebellar cortex
Granule cell layer
38
This is the middle histological layer of the cerebellar cortex
Purkinje cell layer
39
This is the outermost histological layer of the cerebellar cortex
Molecular layer
40
This histological layer of the cerebellar cortex is made up of interneurons, golgi and granule cells
Granule cell layer
41
This histological layer of the cerebellar cortex is 1 cell thick only, and are the main neurons of the cortex
Purkinje cell layer
42
This histological layer of the cerebellar cortex is mostly made of the axons of granule cells and the dendrites of Purkinje cells
Molecular layer
43
These small cells of the cerebellum receive input from mossy fibers and project to the Purkinje cells
Granule cells
44
Granule cells receive input from these fibers
Mossy fibers
45
Granule cells project to these cells
Purkinje cells
46
Apical dendrites of these cells form a large fan of finely branched processes
Purkinje cells
47
Do mossy and climbing fibers function in the input or output of information from the cerebellum cortex?
Input
48
These cerebellar input fibers originate in the pontine nuclei, the spinal cord, the brainstem, reticular formation, and the vestibular nuclei
Mossy fibers
49
These cerebellar input fibers originate in the inferior olive
Climbing fibers
50
Climbing fibers originate in this
Inferior olive
51
Mossy fibers make excitatory projections onto the cerebellar nuclei, as well as these cells
Granule cells
52
Climbing fibers make excitatory projections onto the cerebellar nuclei, as well as these cells
Purkinje cells
53
Do mossy or climbing fibers make projections onto granule cells?
Mossy fibers
54
Do mossy or climbing fibers make projections onto Purkinje cells?
Climbing fibers
55
Each Purkinje cell receives a single, extremely powerful input from a single fiber of this type
Climbing fiber
56
These cells provide output from the cerebellum, and project to the deep cerebellar nuclei
Purkinje cells
57
Purkinje cells provide cerebellar output, and project to this
Deep cerebellar nuclei
58
Do Purkinje cells make excitatory or inhibitory projections?
Inhibitory (GABAergic)
59
Purkinje cells primarily release this neurotransmitter
GABA (are inhibitory)
60
Deep cerebellar nucleus that is most medially located
Fastigial nucleus
61
Deep cerebellar nucleus that carries vestibular, proximal somatosensory, auditory and visual information
Fastigial nucleus
62
Deep cerebellar nucleus that is situated lateral to the fastigial nucleus
Interposed nuclei
63
Deep cerebellar nucleus that carries spinal, proximal somatosensory, auditory and visual information
Interposed nuclei
64
Deep cerebellar nucleus that is the largest of the cerebellar nuclei
Dentate nucleus
65
Deep cerebellar nucleus that is located lateral to the interposed nuclei
Dentate nucleus
66
Deep cerebellar nucleus that carries information from the cerebral cortex (via the pontine nuclei)
Dentate nucleus
67
Deep cerebellar nucleus that is located outside the cerebellum, in the medulla
Vestibular nuclei
68
Deep cerebellar nucleus that receives input from the flocculonodular lobe and from the vestibular labyrinthe
Vestibular nuclei
69
Deep cerebellar nucleus that functions in balance and eye movements
Vestibular nuclei
70
Both the fastigial and interposed nuclei of the cerebellum carry proximal somatosensory, auditory, and visual information, but which carries vestibular information?
Fastigial nucleus
71
Both the fastigial and interposed nuclei of the cerebellum carry proximal somatosensory, auditory, and visual information, but which carries spinal information?
Interposed nuclei
72
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum includes the flocculonodular lobe and its connections within the lateral vestibular nuclei
Vestibulocerebellum
73
The vestibulocerebellum includes the flocculonodular lobe and its connections within this
Lateral vestibular nuclei
74
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum is involved in vestibular reflexes, eye movements and postural maintenance
Vestibulocerebellum
75
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum is involved in the vestibuloocular reflex
Vestibulocerebellum
76
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum includes the vermis and the intermediate zones of the cerebellum cortex, as well as the fastigial and interposed nuclei
Spinocerebellum
77
The spinocerebellum includes these two regions of the cerebellar cortex
Vermis and Intermediate zones
78
The spinocerebellum includes these two deep cerebellar nuclei
Fastigial and interposed nuclei
79
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum produces adaptive motor coordination
Spinocerebellum
80
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum projects output to the rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal tracts
Spinocerebellum
81
This is the largest functional subdivision of the cerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
82
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum comprises the lateral hemispheres and dentate nuclei
Cerebocerebellum
83
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum has extensive connections with the cerebral cortex, via the pontine nuclei (afferents) and VL thalamus (efferents)
Cerebrocerebellum
84
The cerebrocerebellum has extensive connections with the cerebral cortex, via these two structures
Pontine nuclei (afferent)
VL thalamus (efferent)
85
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum is involved in the planning and timing of movements and cognitive functions
Cerebrocerebellum
86
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum receives input from the pontine nuclei
Cerebrocerebellum
87
This deep cerebellar nucleus sends output to the motor cortex and functions in motor planning
Dentate nucleus
88
Cerebrocerebellum receive input from this nucleus
Pontine nuclei
89
Cerebrocerebellar sends output to this nucleus
Dentate nucleus
90
Cerebrocerebellum sends output to the dentate nucleus, which projects to these two structures
Contralateral red nucleus and thalamus
(which then relays to cortex)
91
This functional subdivision of the cerebellum sends output to the dentate nucleus, which projects to the contralateral red nucleus and thalamus, which then relays to cortex
Cerebrocerebellum
92
What are the three functional subdivisions of the cerebellum?
Vestibuocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
93
Do lesions of the lateral cerebellum result in ipsilateral or contralateral motor deficits?
Ipsilateral
(due to "double-crossed" pathways)
94
This is impaired coordination/jerky movements, that is seen in cerebellar disorders
Ataxia
95
This describes errors in the magnitude of movement, such as overshooting and undershooting during finger to nose test
Is seen in cerebellar disorders
Dysmetria
96
Vertigo is a sign of cerebellar disorder, and is a consequence of this system
Vestibulocerebellar
97
Midline cerebellar lesions affect these two structures
Vermis and flocculonodular lobe
98
Do midline cerebellar lesions cause unilateral or bilateral deficits?
Bilateral
99
Ataxic gait, difficulty with equilibrium, and nystagmus (oscillation of the eyes) are symptoms of lesions to this region of the cerebellum
Midline
(vermis and flocculonodular lobe)
100
Lesion to this part of the cerebellum involves the lateral hemispheres, dentate nucleus, and superior cerebellar peduncles
Neocerebellar syndrome
(cerebrocerebellum)
101
Intention tremor is a classical sign of damage to this part of the brain
Cerebellum
102
This cerebellar sign is a difficulty in performing rapidly alternating movements
Dysdiadochokinesia
103
Where is the decussation location of spinocerebellum fibers?
At the level of the deep cerebellar nuclei
104
The spinocerebellum pathway stays ipsilateral through the cerebellum, and then sends information to these two structures via the superior cerebellar peduncle
Contralateral thalamus and cerebral cortex
105
The spinocerebellum pathway stays ipsilateral through the cerebellum, and then sends information to the contralateral thalamus and cerebral cortex via this peduncle
Superior cerebellar peduncle
106
Pontocerebellar fibers enter the cerebellum via this peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
107
Fibers of the cerebrocerebellum leave the cerebellum via this peduncle, and project to the contralateral red nucleus and thalamus
Superior cerebellar peduncle
