Basal Ganglia

Question 1

What are the functions of the basal ganglia? (5)

Answer 1

1. Provides foundation from which cortex can direct purposeful movement
2. Serves as feedback mechanism to cerebral cortex for initiation and control of movement
3. Provides strong influence over initiation and control of movement
4. Influences prefrontal oculomotor control
5. Involved in limbic regulation of emotion and motivation

Question 2

The neostriatum is made of what two structures?

Answer 2

Caudate nucleus and Putamen

Question 3

What structures are considered basal ganglia?

Answer 3

1. caudate nucleus
2. Putamen
3. Globus Pallidus
4. Subthalamic nucleus
5. Substantia nigra

Question 4

Which structures receive input?

Answer 4

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

Question 5

This structure receives input from frontal eye fields, cortical association cortex, and limbic structures
Motivation to move

Answer 5

Caudate Nucleus

Question 6

This structure recieves input from M-1, secondary motor, S-1 Cortial input viva CM nucleus of thalamus. This is more motor and less cognitive emotional

Answer 6

Putamen

Question 7

Name the steps of the direct pathway

Answer 7

Cortex-> neostriatum_> globus pallidus-> motor pathway

Question 8

Name the steps of the indirect pathway

Answer 8

Cortex–neostriatum–globus pallidus–subthalamic nucleus

Question 9

Name the three output structures

Answer 9

Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

Question 10

This output structure is associated with reciprocal connections with globus pallidus

Answer 10

Subthalamic nucleus

Question 11

This output structure is associated with dopamine production. Receives input rom neostriatum, gives output to neostriatum and is a filtering/processing center

Answer 11

Substantia nigra

Question 12

This output structure is associated with projecting back to the motor cortex via the thalmus

Answer 12

globus pallidus

Question 13

T/F Activation of cortex direct pathway increases motor

Answer 13

True

Question 14

T/F Activation of indirect pathway inhibits motor planning

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What are three important neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia?

Answer 15

Dopamine + -
GABA -
GLU+

Question 16

T/F Increased dopamine means decreased allowance of movement

Answer 16

False

Question 17

NAme this disorder:

Absense of movement

Answer 17

akinesia

Question 18

Name this disorder:

Slow movement

Answer 18

bradykinesia

Question 19

Name this disorder:

Release of unintentional movements during rest

Answer 19

dyskinesia

Question 20

Increased muscle tone

Answer 20

Rigidity

Question 21

T/F In PD, motor accuracy is also affected.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

The hallmark of PD is?

Answer 22

Loss of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra

Question 23

Where is dopamine produced? 3 places

Answer 23

substantia nigra
ventral tegmentum (nucleus accumbens)
Hypothalamus

Question 24

Name disease characteristics of PD

Answer 24

Bradykinesia and akinsesia
rigidity
tremor
impaired postural mechanisms
slowed gait, short steps
loss of facial expression
monotone speech

Question 25

What are the nonmotor symptoms of PD

Answer 25

depression
autonomic dysfunction
sleep disorder
cognitive impairment
gait/balance problems

Question 26

The first signs of this genetic disease are clumsiness and slurred speech

Answer 26

Huntington’s Disease

Question 27

What is the cause of HD?

Answer 27

loss of GABA- cells in striatum(decreases activity of indrect pathway, therefore increasing movements)

Question 28

Names this disease?

Follows lesions to the subthalamus. Characterized by flinging, rotary movements

Answer 28

Hemiballismus

Question 29

primary symptom is involuntary facial movement. Associated with prolonged use of antipsychotics

Answer 29

Tardive dyskinesia

Question 30

T/F Tic disorders are associated with DA+- dysfunction

Answer 30

True

Question 31

T/F The CB gets input from the cord, and the BG does not

Answer 31

True