motor pathways

Question 1

Generally, _____ pathways are under direct cortical control and control distal fine motor movements

Answer 1

Lateral pathways

Question 2

Generally, _____ pathways are under brainstem control and affect posture and movement (extension)

Answer 2

Ventromedial pathways

Question 3

Name two of the major lateral motor pathways

Answer 3

1. corticospinal- does voluntary and precise movment

2. corticobulbar-movement in the face

Question 4

The corticospinal pathway receives input from where?

Answer 4

Primary motor, and pre and supplemental motor areas

Some input from primary sensory

Question 5

Track proprioception from periphery to corticospinal pathway

Answer 5

1. dorsal column medial lemniscus
2. VPL of thalamus
3. primary sensory
4. areas 5+7 for integration
5. area 6 (pre and supplemental motor)
6. area 4 Primary motor
7. Corticospinal pathway

***cerebellum has accurate body map throughout entire process

Question 6

T/F M1 neurons fire just before a movement begins and in response to movement

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Where does M1 primarily project to on the spinal cord?

Answer 7

Lumbar and cervical cord levels. This helps with fine motor control by controlling velocity and direction of movement

Question 8

T/F M1 receives somatosensory feedback during movement in an ongoing manner and will alter firing in response to input

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What does area 6 do?

Answer 9

It turns the where actions are (which came from 5 and 7 of parietal lobe) into “how” the actions will be carried out

Question 10

Where does the supplemental motor cortex receive input from?

Answer 10

basal ganglia

posterior parietal cortex

Question 11

T/F Cells in the SMA are active during muscle activity

Answer 11

False, one second before

Question 12

What are the roles of the SMA?

Answer 12

1. coordinating voluntary movement
2. postural adjustments
3. planning and preparation for self initiated movement

Question 13

Damage to the SMA can result in what conditions?

Answer 13

akinesia
loss of facial expression
difficulty with bilateral tasks
difficulty with initiating movements internally

Question 14

Where does the Premotor cortex receive input from?

Answer 14

Cerebellum

Basal ganglia

Question 15

Where does the Premotor cortex primarily connect to?

Answer 15

Reticulospinal pathways to proximal muscles

Question 16

T/F the premotor cortex is activated before a movement occurs

Answer 16

True. They are most active during the planning of movement

Question 17

T/F The premotor cortex cells respond to all sensory inputs

Answer 17

False, they filter out all sensory cues unless they relate to movement. They play a huge role in preparation of movement in response to external, sensory cues

Question 18

Damage to the PMA results in…

Answer 18

apraxia
clumsy slow movement
perseveration, or not responding to external stimuli
impaired ability to learn complex or sequential movement
Difficulty with sensory triggered tasks

Question 19

T/F the corticobulbar tract synapses with all of the motor cranial nerves

Answer 19

True

Question 20

T/F all of the corticobulbar projections are bilateral

Answer 20

False, all but
lower face muscles
and
spinal accesory

Question 21

T/F Lesions of the corticobulbar tract result in paralysis

Answer 21

False, weakness due to bilateral innervation

except for muscles of facial expression and protrusion of tongue which do result in paralysis

Question 22

T/F The rubrospinal tract does the same thing as the corticospinal tract

Answer 22

True. Don’t worry about it.

Question 23

____reticulospinal increases muscle tone to facilitate movement and
______ reticulospinal decreases muscle tone to inhibit voluntary movement

Answer 23

Medial– Think trunk

Lateral–Think limbs

Both work together to find the right balance to allow movement of limbs and stop movement of trunk.

Question 24

Where does the middle cerebral artery supply?

Answer 24

putamen, caudate, and anterior limb of internal capsule

Question 25

Where does the basilar artery supply?

Answer 25

pons, part of cerebellum

Question 26

Where does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 26

medial aspects of the frontal, and parietal lobes, affects primary sensory, and motor regions

Question 27

Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 27

midbrain, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus

Question 28

What are the two types of strokes?

Answer 28

Hemmorhagic

Ischemic

Question 29

Ischemic strokes result from which two things?

Answer 29

Embolic: occlusion of vessels resulting from loose object
Thrombic: Local reduction in blood supply, gradual occlusion

Question 30

What is the impact of middle crebral artery problems?

Answer 30

Contralateral hemiplegia with greater involvement of the arm, face, tongue, sensory deficits, possibly aphasia if left hemisphere is involved
Anosognosia, unilateral neglect, impaired vertical pereption, visual spatial deficits

Question 31

What impact would a anterior cerebral artery issue have?

Answer 31

apraxia, contralateral LE weakness, intellectual changes

Question 32

What is ideomotor vs ideational apraxia?

Answer 32

Ideomotor-Knowing what is needed to do, but unable to do it

Ideation-can’t develop a plan

Question 33

What impact does a posterior cerebral artery issue have?

Answer 33

homonymous hemianopsia
visual agnosia
memory impairments

Question 34

What are lacunar strokes?

Answer 34

Occlusion of a small branch of a larger blood vessel.
Tend to be subcortical.
Ex. Internal capsule or thalamus
May affect motor, sensory, or combination