Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

S2 Neuroscience > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

basal ganglia: 2 definitions

A

deep grey matter structures that develop from the telencephalon
a series of grey matter structures that are interconnected and serve a common function (this is the one we will use)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

corpus striatum

-subdivisions

A

neostriatum or striatum

  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neostriatum

  • divisions
  • divided by…
A

one nucleus divided into 2 parts by anterior limb of internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

putamen and caudate make up the…

A

dorsal striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

caudate nucleus

-composed of…

A

head
body
tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

globus pallidus (GP)

  • what are the parts
  • separated by…
A

external (GPe - lateral)
internal (GPi - medial)
separated by internal medullary lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

amygdaloid nuclear complex

  • develops from…
  • functionally associated with…
A

develops from telencephalon

functionally associated with Limbic System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

other structures functionally associated with Basal Ganglia

A

subthalamic nucleus (ST nuc.)
Substantia nigra (SN)
thalamic nuclei: VA, VL, DM, CM
pedunculopontine nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

substantia nigra

-parts

A

zona or pars compacts (SNc)

zona or pars reticulata (SNr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pars compacta

  • neural neurotransmitter
  • contains…
A

dopamine neurons

contains black pigment: neuromalanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pars reticulata

  • neural neurotransmitter
  • does not contain…
  • functionally similar to…
A

GABA neurons
no neuromelanin
functionally similar to medial GP (GPi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pedunculopontine nucleus

  • relation to Basal Ganglia
  • function
A

RF nucleus that sets up a rhythmic cholinergic input to the striatum
plays a role in the coordination of synergistic movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

structures anatomically related to corpus striatum

A

lenticular nucleus

claustrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lenticular nucleus

-what is it?

A

name given to GP plus putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

claustrum

-bounded by…

A

external and extreme capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

collection of sub-cortical (suprasegmental) masses of gray matter that serve to modulate cortical control of

  • motor function
  • cognition
  • motivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

basal ganglia pathways

-form _____ that start in _____ and end in _____

A

form several circuits or loops that start in widespread areas of cortex and end in more circumscribed parts of motor cortex, limbic cortex or frontal lobe association cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

from a functional point of view, the basal ganglia and related nuclei have been divided into…

A

dorsal and ventral striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dorsal striatum

-consists of…

A

consists of pathways involving the caudate and putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

caudate is involved in…

A

cognitive processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

putamen involved in…

A

involved more with sensorimotor processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ventral striatum

-function

A

involvement with limbic system and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dorsal striatum

-general pathways

A

afferents
interconnections
efferents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

dorsal striatum afferents

-location of the structures that project to the dorsal striatum

A

widespread cortex
intralaminal nucleus of thalamus
raphe nuclei fibers
pedunculopontine nuclei fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
dorsal striatum afferents: widespread cortex - neurotransmitter - projects to...
glutamate projects to striatum smaller inputs to SNr (pars reticulata) and ST nuclei (subthalamic nucleus)
26
dorsal striatum afferents: intralaminal nucleus of thalamus - another name - projects to...
centromedial thalamic nucleus (CM) | -projects to striatum
27
dorsal striatum afferents: raphe nuclei fibers - neurotransmitter - projects to...
serotonin | projects to all parts of basal ganglia
28
dorsal striatum afferents: pedunculopontine nuclei of RF - neurotransmitter - projects to...
ACh | projects to SNr and GP
29
dorsal striatum interconnections | -can be categorized as...
direct (main) circuit indirect (auxillary) circuit nigro-striatal-nigral pathway
30
dorsal striatum interconnections: direct circuit - pathway - neurotransmitter associated with each
widespread areas of cortex (glutamate) --> stiratum (GABA and substance P) --> GPi and SNr (GABA) --> thalamic nuclei (glutamate) --> frontal lobe cortex
31
dorsal striatum interconnections: indirect circuit - pathway - neurotransmitter associated with each
widespread areas of cortex --> striatum --> GPe (GABA) --> subthalamic nuclei (glutamate) --> SNr and GPi (GABA) --> thalamic nuclei --> frontal lobe cortex
32
dorsal striatum interconnections: nigrostriatal pathway - neurotransmitter - from - to
dopamine-containing fibers from SNc to striatum | GABA fibers from striatum back to SNc
33
dorsal striatum efferents | -no direct output of...
basal ganglia to brainstem or spinal cord LMNs
34
dorsal striatum efferents - major efferents are from... - to - function of each area they go to
GPi (largest number) and SNr to the - VA and VL - -motor function - DM - -cognitive function - CM
35
dorsal striatum efferents from GPi and SNr directed through the thamalus -relayed to _____ as part of _____
relayed to frontal lobe cortex and supplementary motor cortices as part of the direct and indirect circuits
36
dorsal striatum efferents: cerebellar connections running through the thalamus end primarily in...
lateral premotor cortex
37
dorsal striatum efferents - other efferents - function
SNr to tectum -modulates tectospinal path SNr and GPe to the pedunculopontine nucleus (RF nucleus)
38
the primary mechanism underlying the function of the basal ganglia is... -explain
disinhibition -inhibition of a tonically active inhibitory pathway; an inhibitiroy neuron inhibiting a tonically active inhibitory neuron
39
disinhibition | -how is it accomplished
accomplished through a balance of signals from the direct and indirect loops converging on the output nuclei, GPi and SNr
40
disinhibition - groups of cells in the GPi are strongly linked to... - the initiation in from _____ rather than _____
remembered motor tasks coupling them to an internally generated initiation of movement -initiation is more from an internal direction of deciding to do something, rather than from sensory cued stimuli such as vision or proprioception
41
disinhibition | -when are different groups of GPi cells active?
some cells are associated with specific phases of complex movements, active only during a portion (single joint) of a complex activity other groups of cells are active throughout the entire sequence of the movement, programming sequential multi-joint activity
42
disinhibition: cells of the GP - when are they active - controlled by...
spontaneously active | controlled by cortical or nigral activation of the relatively quiet striatal cells (caudate and putamen)
43
what general things will be noted with lesions in the basal ganglia
abnormal movement and posture
44
how is the basal ganglia involved in movement and posture
basal ganglia activity coupled to areas of the cortex that are involved in planning and execution of motor activity
45
secondary proposed function of the basal ganglia
part of the procedural learning of motor activity
46
describe procedural learning
more task-oriented | -i.e. ability to learn and replicate automatic motor skills
47
procedural and declarative learning relation to Alzheimer's patients
they can learn new motor tasks (procedural), but not new facts (declarative)
48
aside from disinhibition and procedural memory, basal ganglia also involved in...
cognitive function
49
describe basal ganglia role in cognitive function
head of caudate nucleus - recieves a large projection from frontal lobe assocation cortex - projects back to the same cortical area via VA and DM thalamic nuclei
50
putamen role in basal ganglia cognitive function
primarily a motor function nucleus | functions more in habit formation and procedural or implicit memory
51
basal ganglia blood supply - from... - -each supplies...
striatal or ganglionic arteries (small deeply penetrating brahcnes of Circle of Willis) -supply bulk of caudate nucleus -anterior globus pallidus -putamen -internal capsule thalamo-geniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery -subthalamic nucleus (plus thalamus and adjacent posterior limb of internal capsule)
52
diffuse diseases of the CNS with multiple sites of damage - examples - produce... - -as a result
encephalitis and CP produce a variety of dyskinesias (disorders of movement) -makes localization of lesions difficult
53
the idea that individual components of the basal ganglia and related motor areas have certain distinct functions is based on...
observations of two types of dyskinesias | -hyper- and hypo-kinetic in nature
54
kyperkinetic disorders | -what are they
athetoses choreas ballismus
55
athetoses - describe - often seen in... - lesion location
involuntary, ceaseless, slow, writhing movements (like an "oriental dancer") often seen in CP lesion location is unclear, but probably involves striatum
56
choreas - describe - lesion location
jerking, dancing, grimacing movements of varying duration and latency -frequently appear "purposive" when not moving, patients' muscles exhibit hypotonia lesions are typically in striatum or VL of thalamus
57
ballismus - describe - lesion location
violent flinging movements due to involuntary contractions, especially of proximal limb muscles usually on one side only = hemiballism caused by localized lesion of subthalamic nucleus contralateral to affected limb
58
why is ballismus caused by a contralateral lesion?
I don't know
59
hypokinetic disorder - lesion location - example
lesions usually in striatum and SN | Parkinsonism
60
Parkinson's disease - caused by... - characteristic - -caused by...
caused by degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons that use dopamine as their neurotransmitter deficit may be worse on one side than the other, in which case dopamine loss is greater on the side contralateral to the worst deficits
61
hyperkinesias: hypothesized mechanisms | - best interpretation from...
clinical observations and primate research
62
hyperkinesias - explain the mechanism - -function of indirect and direct circuits - -what would cut the indirect circuit and what would the result be
basal ganglia normally has an inhibitory influence on UMNs through the indirect circuit and an excitatory influence through the direct circuit lesions of the subthalamic nucleus would cut the indirect circuit and permit the direct circuit to drive movements unopposed
63
hyperkinesias | -explanation for choreas and athetoses
still unknown but may involve selective loss of striatal GABA neurons that normally inhibit motor activity
64
hypokinesia with rigidity | -current mechanism hypothesis
dopamine normally enhances the direct (excitatory) circuit and inhibits the indirect (inhibitory) circuit loss of SNc dopaminergic neurons results in a greatly reduced ability of the cortex to initiate movement through the activation of cortical UMNs loss of control over UMNs results in loss of voluntary control of alpha LMNs (akinesia) and decreased inhibition of the gamma loop relfex (rigidity)

S2 Neuroscience (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions