Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

S2 Neuroscience > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

diencephalon

-one division of the _____

A

developmental vesicle, the prosencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the other part of the prosencephalon

A

telencephalon, or the cerebral hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

diencephalon divisions

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

metathalamus

-what does this refer to?

A

refers specifically to the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei that are relaying auditory and visual signals to the respective cortical regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the largest portion of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

thalamus

-describe

A

complex group of nuclei interposed between the cortex and lower centers of the brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thalamus

-function in regard to sensory information

A

receives ascending sensory information from sensory pathways, processes that information, and relays it to the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

thalamus

-relation to motor systems

A

intimately associated with the motor systems - in particular with the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

other functions of the thalamus (outside of ascending sensory and motor information)

A

some nuclei receive and return cortical information

nuclei specific to the reticular activating system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

function of cortical information going through the thalamus

A

very integrative information, rather than specific sensory or motor information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

function of reticular activating system

A

helps regulate our attention and awareness to specific experiences, while reducing other things that could interfere with our attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many thalami does the brain have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

thalamus

  • shape
  • location
  • function with respect to…
A

egg-shaped nuclear masses
one on each side of the third ventricle
function with respect to reciprocal connections with the ipsilateral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how can the thalamus be divided?

A

fibers layers

nuclear subdivisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fiber layer subdivisions of the thalamus

A

internal medullary lamina

external medullary lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nuclear subdivisions of the thalamus

A 
anterior group
medial group
lateral group
metathalamic group
intralaminar group
reticular coat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

thalamus: anterior group

- related to…

A

related to limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thalamus: medial group

- related to…

A

a number of systems, but the primary access to prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

thalamus: lateral group
- function
- divided into…

A

relay nuclei for somatoselsory and motor cortical areas

divided into a dorsal and ventral tier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

thalamus: metathalamic group

- which nuclei

A

lateral and medial geniculate nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

thalamus: intralaminar group

- which nuclei?

A

centromedian nucleus that is related to the RF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

thalamus: reticular coat

- what is it?

A

outer-most shell of the thalamus (not a part of the RF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how many nuclei in thalamus

A

51

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

thalamus: medial group

- what is the major nucleus

A

dorsomedial nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
thalamus: lateral group - major areas within dorsal tier - major areas within ventral tier - -function of these nuclei
``` dorsal -pulvinar ventral -VPM -VPL -VL -VA -these nuclei relay sensory and motor information ```
26
thalamic reticular coat function
acts in gating efferent thalamic information
27
functions of thalamus
gated relay for transmission of all sensations (except olfaction) for conscious perception chief integrating center for all sensory information plays dominant role in maintenance and regulate of the state of consciousness, alertness and attention integrative center for motor activity - basal ganglia and cerebellum
28
describe awareness
area of affect - deals with emotion, pain, agreeableness | highly subjective
29
functional groupings of thalamic nuclei
cortical relay nuclei association nuclei nonspecific nuclei reticular thalamic nucleus or reticular coat
30
cortical relay nuclei | -function
receive highly ordered sensory and motor information relay this information in an accurate manner (maintaining topographic, tonotopic, visuotopic organization) to specific sensory motor cortices (i.e. VPM, VPL, VA, VL, LGN, MGN)
31
association nuclei - receive little... - have extensive..... - receive...
little or no direct afferents from sensory/motor pathways have extensive intrathalamic connections and receive afferents from association cortical regions (non-primary sensory or motor) and other subcortical nuclei (limbic, reticular formation)
32
association nuclei - send projections to... - what do we call this?
send projections back to the same association cortices they have received information from (mostly frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes) -pulvinar -dorsomedial -dorsal tier of the lateral group referred to as reciprocal corticothalamic and thalamocortical connections
33
nonspecific nuclei | -location
intralaminar nuclei which are located within the internal medullary lamina
34
nonspecific nuclei | -function
associated with behavioral arousal and sensory/motor integration, sleep
35
nonspecific nuclei: CM thalamic nucleus - receives - function
receives efferents from the medial division of the reticular formation via the central tegmental tract helps direct what part of cortex needs to be more active by participating in gating of specific information to the cortical region for that particular function -I believe he said dysfunction of this is thought to be related to disorders like ADHD
36
reticular thalamic nucleus or reticular coat - named for... - function
named for its thin spotty look as it lies over the lateral aspect of the thalamus functions as an inhibitory feedback regulator of thalamic neuronal activity-gating of sensory information -[figure: model for gating mechanism; role of CM and reticular thalamic nucleus]
37
thalamic pain syndrome | -origin type...
usually vascular in origin
38
thalamic pain syndrome | -if thalamogeniculate artery is injured, how can it happen and what happens?
due to loss of connections at the thalamic level or cortical level pain sensations cannot be interpreted accurately -ability to discriminate bewteen an irritating stimulus vs. a painful one becomes blurred
39
thalamic pain syndrome | -which regions are involved
very broad scope of regions involved in the "increased" perception of pain
40
thalamic pain syndrome | -what can cause the "increased" perception of pain
irritative stimuli such as an intervertebral disc or radiculopathy more centrally mediated changes to circuitry as a result of stroke, TBI, SCI
41
thalamic pain syndrome | -central sensitization of pain has been shown to result in...
heightened cortical responses from the thalamus, in the cingulate gyrus (limbic or emotion), parietal lobe, and prefrontal cortex
42
thalamic pain syndrome: heightened response - begins at... - can involve
begins at synapse in the dorsal horn | can involve more than just the transfer of noxious sensations to ultimately affect non-noxious stimuli such as touch
43
thalamic pain syndrome: how is the heightened response seen clinically?
seen as hyperalgesia or allodynia
44
related to pain: anterolateral system consists of ____
at least five different parallel pathways all carrying the sensation encoded from free nerve endings
45
anterolateral system targest
lateral spinothalamic tract -carries the sensation through the VPL (ventrolateral thalamic nucleus) to reach the primary somatosensory cortex other pathways go to RF, other thalamic nuclei projecting to other cortical regions -limbic system and prefrontal or emotional centers of the brain
46
function of the differences in the targets of the anterolateral system information
yield both the location and quality of the pain along with an emotional construct -this combination is what a person perceives as pain
47
what is important to remember about pain?
perception is reality, even if you don't think the person should be feeling any pain
48
without the specifics of the stimulus being perceived within primary somatosensory cortex, the emotional brain can...
make the stimulus seem extremely noxious
49
thalamic pain syndrome: changes in stimulus thresholds - elevated for... - lowered for...
elevated for tactile and position sense | lowered for nociceptive stimuli
50
thalamic pain syndrome: at threshold, what happens
sensations are exaggerated, exceptionally unpleasant pin prick leads to severe burning pain music leads to unpleasant responses
51
thalamic pain syndrome | -also characterized by (outside of stimulus threshold changes and sensation exaggeration)
spontaneous pain | emotional instability
52
thalamic pain syndrome: emotional instability examples
inappropriate laughing or crying altered gating of emotion to cortex pseudobulbar affect -stroke patients with brainstem and thalamic lesions
53
hypothalamus | -function
responsible for homeostatic influences necessary for life - cardiorespiratory - thermoregulation - metabolic - water resorption - digestive activity
54
we think of the hypothalamus primarily from a _____ point of view with respect to _____ -this activity is manifested by...
from a hormonal view with respect to growth, sexual maturity, and cycles -now even thinking about stomach proteins affecting feeding behaviors this activity is manifested by control or influence over the pituitary gland through hormonal feedback mechanisms
55
what else influences the ANS apart from the hypothalamus | -how
rich nervous system connectional scheme that influences the ANS at the level of the brainstem (parasympathetic) and spinal cord (sympathetic - T1-L2; parasympathetic: S2-S4)
56
hypothalamus is also influenced by...
higher cortical centers -primarily limbic system and prefrontal cortex lower centers such as RF
57
limbic system effect of effect on hypothalamus
influences the hypo and thus the ANS effecting cardiovascular, respiratory and emotional reactions to ongoing situations -embarrassment, fear, anxiety
58
most notable effect of hypothalamic influences on behavior are noted following _____
TBI or even some stroke patients
59
hypothalamus: with lost of connections from the emotional brain (limbic system, orbital part of prefrontal cortex), what happens? - why?
normal stressors can and are responded to in an angry or aggressive manner -these cortical areas play a large role in how we interpret stressors in our daily lives
60
what is the typical output to a stressor
a strategy of how to adjust to the stressor
61
when the connectional interface that typically responds to a stressor is disrupted, what happens?
the drive through the hypothalamus yields the image of rage, aggression, or defensive postures
62
in animals, stimulation of the medial hypothalamus can result in...
rage behaviors such as growling, attacking, piloerection, dilated pupils
63
autonomic control areas - looked at as... - what are their names?
``` looked at as "UMNs" of the ANS names -anterior hypothalamus -lateral hypothalamus -ventromedial hypothalamus ```
64
anterior hypothalamus | -related to...
septal region of limbic system
65
medial hypothalamus - drives... - -these are responsible for...
``` deives the specific parts of the ANS responsible for the motor output of a majority of the motor behaviors -piloerection -dilated pupils -increased salivation ```

S2 Neuroscience (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions