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S2 Neuroscience > Cortex > Flashcards

Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

cortex deep layers

  • contain…
  • function
A

contain white matter (axons) that interconnects the various areas of the overlying cortex

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2
Q

external surface of cerebral hemispheres

-composed of…

A

composed of gray matter (containing neuronal cell bodies) which is convoluted

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3
Q

external surface convolutions

  • crest is called…
  • groove is called…
A

crest is a gyrus

groove is a sulcus or fissure

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4
Q

cerebral cortex’s function organization most easily demonstrated in…

A

somatosensory homunculi in either side of the central sulcus

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5
Q

methods of subdividing lobes of the cortex

A

into gyri and sulci
according to cytoarchitectural arrangement of the neurons as they are differentially arranged in the various regions of the cortex

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6
Q

Brodmann’s areas are based on…

A

primarily based on cytoarchitectural criteria

also a strong association with discrete functions (taste, vision, primary motor, etc)

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7
Q

neurons within the cortical mantle can be classified according to…

A

target of their axonal projection

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8
Q

interneuron descriptioin function in the cortex

A

axons that within the same cortical region and connect the different layers of that particular cortical region

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9
Q

types of neurons in the cortex with neurons that leave that particular cortical region

A

projection neurons
association neurons
comissural neurons

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10
Q

projection neurons

-describe

A

project to subcortical areas

-basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord

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11
Q

association neurons

-describe

A

connections between areas of cortex within the same hemisphere

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12
Q

commissural neurons

-describe

A

connections between areas in the contralateral hemisphere (cross via corpus callosum, anterior commissure)

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13
Q

interhemispheric transfer of information

  • the hemispheres are highly interconnected via…
  • each area of cortex on one side sends axons to…
A

via corpus callosum and anterior commissure

each area sends axons to identical area on the other side

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14
Q

interhemispheric connectivity

-important for…

A

storing memory on both sides of the brain

comparing the left and right halves of the body and external environment

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15
Q

primary sensory cortices

-what do they do

A

regions that first interpret the encoding of sensory information
very specific, just “pieces” of the actual perception of that sensation or thought

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16
Q

association areas of cortex

  • function
  • what happens without these areas
A

put the encoded sensation into context

without these, individual stimulus makes little sense

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17
Q

association areas of cortex

-can be _____ or _____

A

specific to a single modality or respond to multiple modalities
-referred to as bimodal or multimodal cortical regions

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18
Q

association areas are used to…

A

put complex messages together such as location of self within the visual or environmental space

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19
Q

long term memories

  • reside in
  • where
A

reside in cortex

-how and where is poorly understood

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20
Q

latest idea on where long term memories are stored

-example

A

memory is parceled out to anatomically separated areas that are close to the primary cortical area
memory of a flower is stored as separate entities of smell, color, feel

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21
Q

there are _____ and _____ areas that are connected to each of the modality-specific association areas

  • function
  • there areas are critical in…
  • this access takes place through…
A

cortical and thalamic areas
seem to function in laying down the entire memory
critical in retrieval of memories, needing only a part of the entire memory to access the entire memory
access takes place through multimodal areas of the cortex

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22
Q

as we mature, one hemisphere…

A

takes responsibility for language comprehension and speech

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23
Q

hand dominance is correlated with _____, but…

A

dominant hemisphere, but this is now how hemisphere dominance is determined

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24
Q

most people are _____ hemisphere dominant

A

left

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25
non-dominant hemisphere appears to specialize in...
nonverbal, non-mathematical domains or functions such as - music appreciation - artistic activity - appreciation for the significance of sensory stimuli (ignore or pay attention to stimuli)
26
dominant hemisphere is defined by presence of...
language | -both speech component and comprehensive component
27
what areas are involved in the motor planning part of speech production -this is called...
parts of the inferior frontal gyrus that lie anterior the the face region of precentral gyrus Broca's Area (BA 44, 45)
28
what areas are involved in the comprehension of language | -this is called...
parts of the parietal lobe and superior temporal gyrus that are located at the caudal tip of the lateral fissure Wernicke's area (BA 22, 39)
29
the non-dominant hemisphere has similar cytoarchitectural areas to the dominant hemisphere, but they are involved in... -referred to as...
production and/or comprehension of inflection, emotion, or color components of language referred to as prosody
30
define prosody
left or dominant hemisphere is responsible for the production and understanding of language, which the right or non-dominant hemisphere is responsible for putting the emotional context to the mechanics of the words and understanding the emotion of the words
31
what other parts seems to play a role in language | -experimental stimulation of this area results in...
supplementary motor cortex | experimental stimulation results in vocalization of sustained vowel sounds
32
what is located in BA 6
premotor and supplementary motor cortical regions
33
premotor cortex - located on what side of BA 6 - receives...
lateral surface receives a majority of the thalamocortical projections from the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VL; cerebellar connections)
34
supplementary motor cortex | -receives...
majority of thalamocortical projections from both the ventrolateral and ventral anterior thalamic nuclei (VL/VA; basal ganglia connections)
35
stimulation of the lateral premotor region results in...
movements of contralateral limb (mostly proximal joints)
36
ablation of lateral premotor regions results in... | -this is termed...
loss of interjoint coordination indicating deficits in coordination of timing for each joint termed apraxia
37
stimulation of supplementary motor cortex results in...
multijoint movements of the extremities may be displayed bilaterally as postural and proximal joint responses grasping can be elicited, but not from a fine motor standpoint
38
supplementary motor cortex seems to be most active when...
movement is internally generated rather than sensory generated
39
both "premotor" (premotor and supplementary) regions send efferents to...
primary motor cortex
40
both "premotor" regions | -do motor responses need to go through BA 4
no
41
where else do the premotor regions contribute fibers to?
corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
42
a major component of the efferent pathway from supplementary motor area is to _____, as a component of _____
brainstem reticular motor areas, as a component of the corticoreticulospinal pathway
43
frontla lobe motor areas
``` primary motor cortex supplementary motor area lateral premotor area frontal eye fields motor writing center of Exner Broca's Area ```
44
primary motor cortex - location - area
precentral gyrus | area 4
45
supplementary motor area - location - area
midline area 6 rostral to paracentral lobule
46
lateral premotor area | -area
area 6
47
Frontal Eye Fields - area - contains
``` area 8 contains -lateral gaze center -vertical gaze center -vergence gaze center ```
48
Motor Writing Center of Exner | -area
area 8
49
Broca's Area | -areas
44, 45
50
areas of the frontal lobe that are located rostral to the motor defined areas are referred to as...
Prefrontal Cortex
51
non-motor cortical regions of the frontal lobe are divided into... -includes
lateral prefrontal region orbitofrontal region includes midline cortical areas located rostral and inferior to the corpus callosum
52
lateral prefrontal cortex | -function
functions in self-awareness and executive function or goal-oriented behavior
53
executive function or goal-oriented behavior (lateral prefrontal cortex) can be parceled out as...
deciding on a goal planning how to accomplish the goal executing the plan monitoring the execution of the plan
54
orbitofrontal cortex - function... - this area also associated with...
functions in attaching or interpreting emotion within the context of the situation also associated with limbic system function -specifically the amygdala
55
orbitofrontal cortex specific functions
``` regulating mood (subjective feelings) affect (observable demeanor) processing of some type of memory (emotionally charged, fear) ```
56
prefrontal cortex relation to RF | -what is its function within this relationship
functions as part of the system that is activated by the RF purpose is to -direct attention (awareness, cognition) to the ongoing environment (consciousness) -choose the best response
57
what are the neurotransmitters (pathways) of the RF that have been associated with specific cortical functions
serotonin norepinephrine Ach dopamine
58
serotonin - associated with what structure - function
raphe nuclei | generalized arousal level
59
norepinephrine - associated with what structure - function
locus ceruleus | direction of consciousness
60
Ach - associated with what structures - function
pedunculopontine nucleus -selection of object of attention, ased upon goals Basal forebrain
61
basal forebrain - function - loss of cholinergic neurons in this area are implicated in...
general arousal of cortex | implicated in Alzheimer's disease
62
dopamine - associated with what structure - function
ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra | motivation, motor activity, cognition, pleasure
63
parietal lobe | -how do the lateralized differences affect how the sides function
different functions with respect to spatial awareness
64
parietal lobe | -which side is more dominant
right hemisphere (not same as hemisphere dominance)
65
parietal lobe: R (dominant hemisphere) | -what is it dominant in?
in terms of understanding the "entire" spatial map as it is interpreted by both the proprioceptive and visual systems
66
effect of damage to the R parietal lobe
profound consequences in attending to the left side of the body and to left visual space
67
effect of damage to the L parietal lobe
only minimal and non-lasting effect on attending to the R side of the body and visual space
68
parietal lobe: neglect (hemineglect) - when is it seen - what happens?
phenomenon that is seen following damage to the R parietal lobe following damage, patients tend to "ignore" the left side of visual, auditory and body space
69
parietal lobe: extinction - what is it - attention may be directed to...
form of inattention that manifests when stimuli are presented in multiple attentional areas attention may be directed to a stimulus presented contra to the parietal lobe lesion (contralesional)
70
parietal lobe: extinction | -if a stimulus is presented on both side simultaneously...
it is attended to only on the intact side and "ignored" on the involved side
71
parietal lobe: extinction | -can be evoked with...
visual, tactile or auditory stimuli, or combinations of different stimulus modalities
72
for the extinction test to be accurate, it requires... | -this is a subtle variation of...
requires that the damage has not involved the primary sensory area -this is a subtle variation of neglect

S2 Neuroscience (25 decks)

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