Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Basal ganglia is large, strongly interconnected nuclear masses deep within the cerebral hemispheres (_____), diencephalon (_____ _____), and midbrain (_____)

Answer 1

corpus striatum; subthalamic nucleus); substantia nigra

Question 2

Basal ganglia regulate movements by _____ desired movements to occur and simultaneously _____ competing, non- intended movements from occurring

Answer 2

enabling; inhibiting

Question 3

Basal ganglia also have connections with? (3)

Answer 3

prefrontal cortex, frontal eye fields, and limbic system

Question 4

What is contained within Corpus striatum?

Answer 4

Caudate nucleus and Lentiform nucleus

Question 5

What is contained within Lentiform nucleus? (2)

Answer 5

Globus pallidus and Putamen

Question 6

Basal Ganglia has 3 parts:

Answer 6

• Corpus striatum
• Claustrum
• Amygdaloid body

Question 7

Direct pathway will _____ thalamus; _____ desired movement

Answer 7

Disinhibits; initiates

Question 8

Indirect pathway will _____ thalamus; _____ undesired movements

Answer 8

Inhibits; suppresses

Question 9

Where is GABA being made?

Answer 9

Putamen

Question 10

What are the neurotransmitters found in Substantia Nigra?

Answer 10

Dopamine and GABA

Question 11

What is the steps to initiate a desired movement?

Answer 11

1) Activates direct pathway to enable desired movement.

2) Indirect pathway to suppress undesired movements.

Question 12

Damage to the basal ganglia can cause the release or reinstatement of the inhibitions to be _____ and _____.

Answer 12

erratic, uncontrolled

Question 13

Patient wants to perform actions

but cannot. Is this positive or negative sign of Basal Ganglia Disorders?

Answer 13

Negative signs

Question 14

Are these negative or positive signs of Basal Ganglia disorder? Akinesia (hesitancy), bradykinesia (slow movement), abnormal postural adjustments (inability to make adjustments when falling or tilting)

Answer 14

Negative signs

Question 15

Manifestations of loss of pallidal

inhibition of the thalamus. Is this positive or negative Basal Ganglia disorder?

Answer 15

Positive signs

Question 16

Is this positive or negative Basal Ganglia disorder? Alteration in muscle tone (hypertonicity/rigidity) and forms of dyskinesias (occur at rest; cannot be prevented or stopped): tremors, chorea, athetosis, ballismus, tics.

Answer 16

Positive signs

Question 17

Basal Ganglia disorder: Parkinson’s disease is due to the _____ of thalamocortical excitation.

Answer 17

Inhibition

Question 18

Basal Ganglia disorder- Parkinson’s disease:

-Lesion in _____ _____ .

Answer 18

substantia nigra

Question 19

Basal Ganglia disorder:
-Tremor (at rest), rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, abnormal postural adjustments.
This is symptom of which disease?

Answer 19

Parkinson’s disease

Question 20

Basal Ganglia disorder: Hemiballismus is caused by vascular lesion (Stroke) of _____ _____.

Answer 20

Subthalamic nucleus

Question 21

Basal Ganglia disorder (Ballismus):
Violent flinging
movements of the entire limb as a result of _____ of the more _____ muscles

Answer 21

contractions; proximal

Question 22

If there was a stroke (Hemiballismus) on the left side, which side of the body will be effected?

Answer 22

Right side (contralateral)

Question 23

Parkinson’s disease is (Hypokinetic/ Hyperkinetic)?

Answer 23

Hypokinetic

Question 24

Hemiballismusdisease is (Hypokinetic/ Hyperkinetic)?

Answer 24

Hyperkinetic

Question 25

Huntington's chorea- neurodegenerative genetic disorder: -HD gene on chromosome _; _____ dominant mutation; symptoms appear at ___ years of age

Answer 25

4; autosomal; 35-44

Question 26

Huntington's chorea- neurodegenerative | genetic disorder: This is due to degeneration of striatal neurons (mostly _____ nucleus)

Answer 26

caudate

Question 27

Grimacing movements in face; twitching movements of head; jerking movements of distal limbs. This is known as what?

Answer 27

Athetosis and chorea

Question 28

Degeneration in cortex will lead to?

Answer 28

progressive dementia

Question 29

Basal ganglia lesion is _____ whereas cerebellar lesions are loss of _____.

Answer 29

Craziness; coordination