Cerebellum

Question 1

What is the function of cerebellum?

Answer 1

Integrates sensory information to be used primarily

in the regulation and control of motor functions

Question 2

Does the cerebellum give rise to any tracts projecting to spinal levels?

Answer 2

NO!

Question 3

The cerebellum consists of __ hemispheres; __ lobes; median _____

Answer 3

2; 3; median vermis

Question 4

The cerebellum is located in the _____ cranial fossa _____ to brain stem.

Answer 4

posterior; dorsal

Question 5

Is cerebellum related to to falx cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli?

Answer 5

YES!

Question 6

What matter is found in the cerebellar cortex, and what is the shape of it?

Answer 6

Gray matter; folia

Question 7

What matter is found in the cerebellar medullary center? What types of axons are found here?

Answer 7

White matter; Afferents/Efferents

Question 8

How many pairs of central nuclei is found in the cerebellum?

Answer 8

4 pairs

Question 9

Primary fissure of the cerebellum divides _____ and _____

Answer 9

Anterior lobe and posterior lobe

Question 10

What are the 3 deep nuclei found in the cerebellum?

Answer 10

Fastigial, Gblobose and emoliform (in human and apes) contains nucleus interpositus, and dentate

Question 11

Axons from fastigial, globose and emboliform, and dentate nuclei projects to _____ nuclei and _____.

Answer 11

Brainstem nuclei and thalamus

Question 12

What are the Efferents crossing Superior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 12

Nucleus interpositus and dentate nucleus to contralateral ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus and red nucleus

Question 13

What are the Afferents that crosses Middle cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 13

Contralateral pontine nuclei

Question 14

What are the Afferents that crosses inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 14

Cord, lateral cuneate nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, reticular formation, vestibular nucleus

Question 15

What are the 3 layers of cerebellar cortex? (Sup-Deep)

Answer 15

Molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, Granule cell layer (MPG)

Question 16

Is Folium white or gray matter?

Answer 16

White matter

Question 17

Which of the 3 layers is this?

Closely packed small neurons; main receptive layer of fibers originating outside cerebellum

Answer 17

Granular (deepest)

Question 18

Which of the 3 layers is this?

Single row of purkinje cells; axons project to deep nuclei

Answer 18

Purkinje cell layer

Question 19

Which of the 3 layers is this?

Few neuron cell bodies; mostly a synaptic and integrative area

Answer 19

Molecular layer

Question 20

What are the 5 cells that forms intracortical circuits?

Answer 20

• Granule
• Purkinje
• Basket
• Golgi
• Stellate

Question 21

Which of the 5 cells that forms intracortical circuits is excitatory, and what transmitter is released?

Answer 21

Granule (glutamate)

Question 22

Which of the 5 cells that forms intracortical circuits that their axons are output of cortex, excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 22

Purkinje cells (inhibitory; GABA)

Question 23

Which of the 5 cells that forms intracortical circuits has axons around purkenje cells excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 23

Basket cells (Inhibitory; GABA)

Question 24

Which of the 5 cells that forms intracortical circuits is inhibitory (GABA) to mossy fibers?

Answer 24

Golgi cells

Question 25

Which of the 5 cells that forms intracortical circuits that most synapse with purkinje cells? excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 25

Stellate cells (Inhibitory; GABA)

Question 26

Which of the 5 cells that forms intracortical circuits is inhibitory (GABA)?

Answer 26

Purkinje, basket, golgi, and stellate

Question 27

Which of the 5 cells that forms intracortical circuits is the only one that is excitatory (glutamate)?

Answer 27

Granule

Question 28

Input from inferior olivary nuclei will use which fiber?

Answer 28

Climbing fiber

Question 29

Input from all other sources besides inferior olivary nuclei uses what fiber?

Answer 29

Mossy fiber

Question 30

Olivocerebellar tract uses which fibers?

Answer 30

Climbing fiber (Climb to pick olives)

Question 31

All other tracts uses what fibers?

Answer 31

Mossy fibers

Question 32

Archicerebellum gives rise to which lobe?

Answer 32

Flocculonodular lobe (Fish and amphibians)

Question 33

Paleocerebellum gives rise to which lobes?

Answer 33

Superior vermis of anterior lobe and inferior vermis of | posterior lobe

Question 34

Neocerebellum are only found in?

Answer 34

Mammals, humans

Question 35

Vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe): - Adjustment of muscle tone in response to _____ stimuli - Coordinates actions of muscles that maintain _____ and ______; participates in other motor responses to vestibular stimuli - (e.g., _____ movements)

Answer 35

vestibular; balance and posture; eye

Question 36

Spinocerebellum contains _____ lobe vermis and adjacent _____ zones

Answer 36

anterior; paravermal

Question 37

Spinocerebellum (anterior lobe vermis and adjacent paravermal zones): -Controls tone and synergy of _____muscles, as appropriate, at any moment for adjusting posture and automatic movements -Input from cord, trigeminal nuclei, inf. olivary nuc., RF

Answer 37

collaborating;

Question 38

Pontocerebellum is equivalent to?

Answer 38

Neocerebellum

Question 39

Pontocerebellum/Neocerebellum (lateral parts of hemispheres): -Ensures a smooth and orderly sequence of muscle contractions and intended precision in force, direction, and extent of voluntary movements, especially in _____ extremities

Answer 39

upper (pointing at nose test)

Question 40

Pontocerebellum/Neocerebellum (lateral parts of hemispheres): Input from cerebral cortex via _____ _____ nuclei (volitional movements anticipated or in progress)

Answer 40

contralateral pontine

Question 41

What is this syndrome called? Characterized by abnormalities in the timing, range, force, speed, and sequencing of muscle contractions and resultant movements

Answer 41

Ataxia

Question 42

Flocculonodular lobe syndrome: -Lack of coordination of _____ muscles (truncal ataxia) -Walks on _____ base; trunk constantly reeling and swaying -Most often seen in children with _____.

Answer 42

paraxial; wide; medulloblastomas

Question 43

Anterior lobe syndrome: - Loss of coordination mostly in _____ limbs - Gait instability; walk as if drunk, i.e., staggering and reeling in a _____ manner - Extremely difficult to do the _____ test

Answer 43

lower; stiff-legged; heel-shin

Question 44

What is posterior lobe syndrome?

Answer 44

Loss of coordination of voluntary skilled movements (ataxia)

Question 45

Posterior lobe syndrome: Intention tremor – during the movement. What does this mean?

Answer 45

Unable to direct the limb to a target; swaying to and from

Question 46

Posterior lobe syndrome: Dysmetria and “past pointing” what does this mean?

Answer 46

Inability to control the range of a movement; overshoots or undershoots the target

Question 47

Posterior lobe syndrome: Dysdiadochokinesia what does this mean?

Answer 47

Inability to perform rapid alternating movements such as repetitive hand pronation and supination

Question 48

Posterior lobe syndrome: Speech may be affected (dysarthria) what does this mean?

Answer 48

Decreased muscle tone