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NYCC Neuro 2 > Basal Ganglia & Motor Control > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia & Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

what structures form the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen
globus pallidus I (externum)
globus pallidus II (internum)

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2
Q

what structures form the corpus striatum?

A

lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus

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3
Q

name the 2 subdivisions of substantia nigra

A

pars compacta
pars reticulata

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4
Q

what structures form the ventral striatum?

A

head of caudate & putamen

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5
Q

what neurotransmitter is released from substantia nigra pars compacta?

A

dopamine

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6
Q

what neurotransmitter is released from substantia nigra pars reticulata?

A

GABA

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7
Q

Name the 4 basal ganglia

A

lentiform
caudate
subthalamic
substantia nigra

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8
Q

what is the most medial part of the ventral striatum?

A

nucleus accumbens

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9
Q

the nigrostriatal pathway sends dopamine from ____ to the ____

A
  • substantia nigra pars compacta
  • basal ganglia
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10
Q

the mesolimbic pathway sends dopamine from the ____ to the____

A
  • ventral tegmental area
  • parahippocampal gyrus & nucleus accumbens
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11
Q

the mesocortical pathway sends dopamine from ____ to the ____

A
  • substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area
  • prefrontal cortex
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12
Q

in the nigrostriatal pathway, the cerebral cortex projects to the ____ with ____ fibers

A

striatum
glutaminergic (+)

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13
Q

in the direct pathway, substantia nigra pars compacta projects to the ____ with ____ fibers

A

striatum
dopaminergic (+)

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14
Q

the striatum utilizes ____ interneurons for intercommunication

A

acetylcholinergic

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15
Q

in the direct pathway, the striatum projects to the ____ and ____ with ____ fibers

A

globus pallidus I & substantia nigra pars reticulata
GABAergic (-)

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16
Q

in the direct pathway, Globus pallidus I and substantia nigra pars reticulata project to the ____ with ____ fibers

A

ventral lateral & ventral anterior thalamic nuclei
GABAergic (-)

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17
Q

in the direct pathway, what is the ultimate action on the thalamus?

A

thalamus gets excited because GPI is inhibited from inhibiting thalamus

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18
Q

in the nigrostriatal pathway, the ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamic nuclei project to the ____ with ____ fibers

A

supplementary & premotor cortex
glutaminergic (+)

19
Q

excitation of the direct pathway results in…

A

excitation of motor cortex and initiation of movement

20
Q

in the indirect pathway, substantia nigra pars compacta projects to the ____ with ____ fibers

A

striatum
dopaminergic (-)

21
Q

in the indirect pathway, the striatum projects to ____ with ____ fibers

A

globus pallidus II
GABAergic (-)

22
Q

in the indirect pathway, globus pallidus II projects to the ____ with ____ fibers

A

subthalamic nucleus
GABAergic (-)

23
Q

in the indirect pathway, the subthalamic nucleus projects to ____ with ____ fibers

A

globus pallidus I & substantia nigra pars reticulata
glutaminergic (+)

24
Q

in the indirect pathway, globus pallidus I & substantia nigra pars reticulata project to the ____ with ____ fibers

A

ventral lateral & ventral anterior thalamic nuclei
GABAergic (-)

25
Q

in the indirect pathway, what is the overall effect on the ventral anterior & ventral lateral thalamic nuclei

A

VA & VL are inhibited from projecting glutaminergic neurons to supplementary & premotor cortex

26
Q

excitation of the indirect pathway results in…

A

inhibition of motor cortex & stopping of movement

27
Q

Hypokinetic disorders involve breakdown of the ____

A

direct pathway

28
Q

Hyperkinetic disorders involve breakdown of the ____

A

indirect pathway

29
Q

symptoms of hypokinetic disorders

A

akinesia
bradykinesia

30
Q

symptoms of hyperkinetic disorders

A

dyskinesias (involuntary movements):
- chorea
- ballismus
- athetosis
- dystonia

31
Q

what is the mechanism of Parkinson’s disease?

A

depletion of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra causing breakdown of nigrostriatal pathway

32
Q

symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Akinesia (trouble starting movement)
  • Bradykinesia (slow voluntary movement)
  • Resting tremor
  • Cogwheel or lead pipe rigidity
  • Flexed posture
  • Mask-like facial expression
  • Shuffling & impaired balance
33
Q

Name 3 treatments of Parkinson’s disease

A
  1. L-DOPA precursor to dopamine
  2. Human embryonic dopamine cell transplant (stem cells)
  3. Pallidotomy (break globus pallidus I), GP I pacemakers, or thalamectomies
34
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

autosomal dominant hereditary disease with insidious onset in 4th-5th decade of life, resulting from slow degeneration of neurons in the striatum

35
Q

symptoms of Huntington’s disease

A
  • chorea (dance-like movements/involuntary twitching extremities & face)
  • dementia (cognitive deterioration)
  • behavioral or psychiatric disturbances
36
Q

prognosis of Huntington’s disease

A

death 15-20 years after onset of disease

37
Q

Sydenham’s chorea (St. Vitu’s Dance)

A

transient (reversible) childhood chorea associated with rheumatic fever and affecting the striatum

38
Q

Athetosis

A

degeneration of globus pallidus resulting in slow, sinuous, writhing movements of distal extremities

39
Q

Ballism

A

lesion of subthalamic nucleus or its connections resulting in contralateral involuntary movements of proximal extremities & trunk

40
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

autosomal recessive disorder that results in abnormal metabolism of copper which progressively degenerates the liver and basal ganglia

41
Q

Almost all patients with Wilson’s disease present with…

A

a Kayser-Fleischer ring in their corneas & aberrant movements

42
Q

Dystonia Musculorum Deformans

A

rare hereditary condition associated with injury of lentiform nucleus, resulting in co-contraction

43
Q

examples of focal dystonias include…

A

torticollis (traps & SCM contract constantly)
blepharospasm (upper eyelid spasm)
dysphonia (vocal cord spasm)
facial spasm
writer’s cramp

NYCC Neuro 2 (28 decks)

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