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Biochemistry > Basic > Flashcards

Basic Flashcards

1
Q

4 major elements in human body

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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2
Q

All elements made up of

A

Atoms

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3
Q

Atoms made up of 3 particles:

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

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4
Q

Protons charge

A

Positive

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5
Q

Neutrons charge

A

Neutral

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6
Q

Electrons charge

A

Negative

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7
Q

Mass of protons and neutrons

A

Mass of 1 each

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8
Q

Mass of electrons

A

No mass

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9
Q

Location of protons and neutrons

A

In atoms nucleus

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10
Q

Location of electrons

A

In electron shell

Group around the nucleus

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11
Q

Atoms of same element but with different numbers of neutrons in nucleus called

A

Isotopes

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12
Q

Do isotopes of same element have same charge and mass

A

Yes

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13
Q

Simplest atom of all is

A

Hydrogen

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14
Q

Structure of hydrogen

A

1 proton
1 electron
No neutrons

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15
Q

How does only having 1 electron affect behaviour of hydrogen

A

Will always look for another so will easily fact with other atoms

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16
Q

Why don’t inert atoms easily react with others

A

Because outer shell already filled with perfect number

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17
Q

What is ionisation

A

Process of giving atoms positive/negative charge

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18
Q

What happens to the molecule that donates an electron

A

Becomes positive as electron is negative

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19
Q

What happens to molecule that receives electron

A

Becomes negative

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20
Q

What is oxidation

A

Removal of electrons

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21
Q

What effect does oxidation have on energy

A

Decreases

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22
Q

What is reduction

A

Gaining electrons (reducing charge)

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23
Q

What effect does reduction have on energy

A

Increases

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24
Q

Oxidation and reduction together called

A

Redox

25
Q

What are free radicals

A

Molecules/compounds with unpaired electron in their shells

26
Q

Why are free radicals destructive

A

They want to stabilise so steak electrons from other stable molecules - oxidation.
This makes the other molecule unstable causing chain reaction of oxidative damage

27
Q

Where do free radicals come from

A 
Aerobic respiration
Metabolism 
Inflammation 
Pollution
Sunlight
X Ray's
Smoking
Alcohol
Ageing
28
Q

How do chain breaking antioxidants work

A

Neutralise free radicals by donating an electron - makes them harmless

29
Q

Define ionic bond

A

One element donates electron to other

30
Q

Describe covalent bond

A

2 elements sharing electrons

31
Q

The more electronegative the element the more

A

Pulling power

32
Q

4 highly electronegative elements are

A

Fluorine
Chlorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen

33
Q

Describe polar bond

A

Uneven charge

1 part of molecule slightly + other slightly -

34
Q

Describe hydrogen bond

A

H bonded to more electronegative atom
Unequal sharing of electrons puts partial + charge on H
H+ then attracted to negatively charged atom

35
Q

What type of bond occurs in water

A

Hydrogen bonds

36
Q

Why is water the ideal solvent to dissolve chemicals into their individual ions

A

Because of the polar bonds

37
Q

What type of bonds do hydrophilic molecules have

How first his affect their behaviour

A

Polar bonds
Eg alcohol
Dissolves easily in water

38
Q

What bonds do hydrophobic molecules contain

How does this affect their behaviour

A

Non-polar covalent bonds
Fats
Don’t dissolve easily in water

39
Q

What is an electrolyte

A

Ionic compound dissolved easily in a solution

40
Q

3 functions of electrolytes

A

Can conduct electricity - essential for nerve function
Exert osmotic pressure - important for water balance
Act as buffers in acid-base balance

41
Q

What does acid release when dissolved in water

A

Lots of H+ ions

42
Q

How does a base behave in a solution

A

Binds H ions

Creates high OH

43
Q

What is high pH

A

High levels of H+ as caused by acid

44
Q

What is low pH

A

Low H ions
High OH
as caused by base

45
Q

Which scale measures concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

A

pH scale

46
Q

Where is water on pH scale

A

Neutral at 7

47
Q

Lower than 7 on pH scale is

A

Acid

48
Q

Higher than 7 on pH scale is

A

Alkaline

49
Q

What maintains H+ concentration in body to maintain homeostasis

A

Buffers

50
Q

How do buffers behave

A

Some bind to H+ others to OH-

51
Q

Starting materials in chemical reactions are

A

Reactants

52
Q

End molecules in chemical reactions are

A

Products

53
Q

How to catalysts speed up reactions

A

By lowering activation energy required

54
Q

What does an anabolic reaction do

A

Build up

55
Q

What does a catabolic reaction do

A

Break down

56
Q

What skeleton do all molecules in the body contain

A

Carbon skeleton

57
Q

What is the other bit in a human molecule called - not the carbon skeleton

A

Functional group

58
Q

No of elements in human body

A

26

Biochemistry (8 decks)

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