Basic

Question 1

4 major elements in human body

Answer 1

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Question 2

All elements made up of

Answer 2

Atoms

Question 3

Atoms made up of 3 particles:

Answer 3

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

Question 4

Protons charge

Answer 4

Positive

Question 5

Neutrons charge

Answer 5

Neutral

Question 6

Electrons charge

Answer 6

Negative

Question 7

Mass of protons and neutrons

Answer 7

Mass of 1 each

Question 8

Mass of electrons

Answer 8

No mass

Question 9

Location of protons and neutrons

Answer 9

In atoms nucleus

Question 10

Location of electrons

Answer 10

In electron shell

Group around the nucleus

Question 11

Atoms of same element but with different numbers of neutrons in nucleus called

Answer 11

Isotopes

Question 12

Do isotopes of same element have same charge and mass

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Simplest atom of all is

Answer 13

Hydrogen

Question 14

Structure of hydrogen

Answer 14

1 proton
1 electron
No neutrons

Question 15

How does only having 1 electron affect behaviour of hydrogen

Answer 15

Will always look for another so will easily fact with other atoms

Question 16

Why don’t inert atoms easily react with others

Answer 16

Because outer shell already filled with perfect number

Question 17

What is ionisation

Answer 17

Process of giving atoms positive/negative charge

Question 18

What happens to the molecule that donates an electron

Answer 18

Becomes positive as electron is negative

Question 19

What happens to molecule that receives electron

Answer 19

Becomes negative

Question 20

What is oxidation

Answer 20

Removal of electrons

Question 21

What effect does oxidation have on energy

Answer 21

Decreases

Question 22

What is reduction

Answer 22

Gaining electrons (reducing charge)

Question 23

What effect does reduction have on energy

Answer 23

Increases

Question 24

Oxidation and reduction together called

Answer 24

Redox

Question 25

What are free radicals

Answer 25

Molecules/compounds with unpaired electron in their shells

Question 26

Why are free radicals destructive

Answer 26

They want to stabilise so steak electrons from other stable molecules - oxidation. This makes the other molecule unstable causing chain reaction of oxidative damage

Question 27

Where do free radicals come from

Answer 27

``` Aerobic respiration Metabolism Inflammation Pollution Sunlight X Ray's Smoking Alcohol Ageing ```

Question 28

How do chain breaking antioxidants work

Answer 28

Neutralise free radicals by donating an electron - makes them harmless

Question 29

Define ionic bond

Answer 29

One element donates electron to other

Question 30

Describe covalent bond

Answer 30

2 elements sharing electrons

Question 31

The more electronegative the element the more

Answer 31

Pulling power

Question 32

4 highly electronegative elements are

Answer 32

Fluorine Chlorine Oxygen Nitrogen

Question 33

Describe polar bond

Answer 33

Uneven charge | 1 part of molecule slightly + other slightly -

Question 34

Describe hydrogen bond

Answer 34

H bonded to more electronegative atom Unequal sharing of electrons puts partial + charge on H H+ then attracted to negatively charged atom

Question 35

What type of bond occurs in water

Answer 35

Hydrogen bonds

Question 36

Why is water the ideal solvent to dissolve chemicals into their individual ions

Answer 36

Because of the polar bonds

Question 37

What type of bonds do hydrophilic molecules have | How first his affect their behaviour

Answer 37

Polar bonds Eg alcohol Dissolves easily in water

Question 38

What bonds do hydrophobic molecules contain | How does this affect their behaviour

Answer 38

Non-polar covalent bonds Fats Don't dissolve easily in water

Question 39

What is an electrolyte

Answer 39

Ionic compound dissolved easily in a solution

Question 40

3 functions of electrolytes

Answer 40

Can conduct electricity - essential for nerve function Exert osmotic pressure - important for water balance Act as buffers in acid-base balance

Question 41

What does acid release when dissolved in water

Answer 41

Lots of H+ ions

Question 42

How does a base behave in a solution

Answer 42

Binds H ions | Creates high OH

Question 43

What is high pH

Answer 43

High levels of H+ as caused by acid

Question 44

What is low pH

Answer 44

Low H ions High OH as caused by base

Question 45

Which scale measures concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Answer 45

pH scale

Question 46

Where is water on pH scale

Answer 46

Neutral at 7

Question 47

Lower than 7 on pH scale is

Answer 47

Acid

Question 48

Higher than 7 on pH scale is

Answer 48

Alkaline

Question 49

What maintains H+ concentration in body to maintain homeostasis

Answer 49

Buffers

Question 50

How do buffers behave

Answer 50

Some bind to H+ others to OH-

Question 51

Starting materials in chemical reactions are

Answer 51

Reactants

Question 52

End molecules in chemical reactions are

Answer 52

Products

Question 53

How to catalysts speed up reactions

Answer 53

By lowering activation energy required

Question 54

What does an anabolic reaction do

Answer 54

Build up

Question 55

What does a catabolic reaction do

Answer 55

Break down

Question 56

What skeleton do all molecules in the body contain

Answer 56

Carbon skeleton

Question 57

What is the other bit in a human molecule called - not the carbon skeleton

Answer 57

Functional group

Question 58

No of elements in human body

Answer 58

26