- O2 dependent - Examples: Nagging Pests Must Breathe

Obligate Aerobes: - Nocardia - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. AERuginosa = aerobic) - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Bacillus

Can't Breathe Air - Lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase - Foul Smelling

Obligate Anaerobes: - Clostridium - Bacteroides - Actinomyces

Basic Bacteriology- FA Flashcards by Jacob Townsend

Giemsa Stain: “Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience”

Giemsa: Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsiae, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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O2 dependent

- Examples: Nagging Pests Must Breathe

Obligate Aerobes:

Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. AERuginosa = aerobic)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacillus

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Can’t Breathe Air

Lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase
Foul Smelling

Obligate Anaerobes:

Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

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Intracellular bugs: Obligate intracellular & Facultative inracellular
“Stay inside (cells) when it is Really Cold”
“Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY”

Obligate intracellular
-Rickettsia
-Chlamydia (Can't make own ATP)
Facultative Intracellular
-Salmonella
-Neisseria
-Brucella
-Mycobacterium
-Listeria
-Francisella
-Legionella
-Yersinia pestis

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Serve as an antiphagocytic virulence factor
“Capsules” + protein conjugate serve as an antigen in vaccines

Quellung = capsular “swellung”
“SHiNE SKiS”

-opsonized then cleared by spleen

Encapsulated Bacteria

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Neisseria meningitidis
Escherichia coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumonia
group B Strep

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you need PLACESS for your CATs.

Catalase degrades H2O2 before it can be converted to microbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase

Catalase-positive organisms

pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Cadida
E.coli
S. Aaureus
Serratia

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Vaccines- (3 conjugated and 1 no conjugated proteins)

Pneumovax- polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein) and Prevnar (conjugated vaccine)

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“CHunk norris hates PUNKSS”

Urease-positive bugs

Cryptococcus
H. pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus

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Pigment-producing bacteria
-"Israel has Yellow sand" = ?
"Gold" = ?
Blue-green pigment = ?
Red pigment = ?

-Actinomyces israelii- yellow “sulfer” granules
-S. aureus- yellow pigment
pseudomonas aeruginosa- blue-green pigment
Serratia marcescens- red pigment (“red maraschino”)

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Which bacteria Promotes evasion of host immune response?

Name the 3 bacteria associated with this.

Bacterial Virulence factors

Protein A (binds Fe region of Ig), Expressed by S. aureus
IgA protease (Enzyme that cleaves IgA- secreted by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, Neisseria
M protein (helps prevent phagocytosis- expressed by group A streptococci (pyrogenes)

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Bacterial Virulence factors

-(binds Fe region of Ig), Expressed by S. aureus

Protein A

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Bacterial Virulence factors

-(Enzyme that cleaves IgA- secreted by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, Neisseria

IgA protease

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Bacterial Virulence factors

-helps prevent phagocytosis- expressed by group A streptococci (pyrogenes)

M protein

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“Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules”

- help avoid immune response

Capsules
-S. PNA
Klebsiella pna
-H. influenza
-P. Aeruginosa
-Nisseria G
Criptococceus Neofarmi (fungi)

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Exotoxin or Endotoxin??
Outer cell membrane of most gram-negative bacteria
Lipopolysaccharide
Bacterial chromosome
Low toxicity
Fever, shock = clinical effects
induces TNF and IL-1
Poorly antigenic
no toxoids formed and no vaccine available
Stable at 100 degrees C for 1 hour
Meningococcemia; sepsis by gram-negative rods

Endotoxin

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Exotoxin or Endotoxin??

Certain species of some gram-positive and grame neg bacteria
Polypeptide
plasmid or bacteriophage- location of genes
High toxicity
induces high titer antibodies called antitoxins
Toxoids used as vaccines
Destroyed rapidly at 60 degrees C (except 1)
Tetanus, botulism, diphtheria

Exotoxin

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Inhibit Protein Synthesis

-Diphtheria toxin

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Exotoxin)

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Inhibit protein synthesis
-Exotoxin A inhibits EF-2 = no protein sythensis
= Host cell death

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Exotoxin)

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Inhibit protein synthesis

Shiga-like toxin (SLT)

Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC) (exotoxin)

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Increased fluid secretion
Manifestation: Watery Diarrhea-
- “Labile in the Air “ (increased cAMP)
- “Stable on the Ground” (increased cGMP)

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Heat- liable toxin (increase cAMP)
Heat-stable toxin (increased cGMP)

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likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax
mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (increased cAMP)

Bacillus Anthracis

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Cholera toxin
Overactives adenylate cyclase (increased cAMP) by permanently activiting Gs -> increased Cl- secretion in gut and H2o efflux
Voluminous “rice-water” diarrhea

Vibrio Cholerae

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Name 1 bacteria that Inhibit phagocytic ability

Bordetella pertussis

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-Pertussis toxin
-overactivates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) by disabling G1, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe
Manifestation: Whooping cough

Bordetella pertussis

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Name 2 bacteria that Inhibit Release of Neurotransmitter

Clostridium tetani | Clostridium botulinum

Which bacteria is associated with: - Lock jaw & muscle rigidity - toxin prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine) neurotransmitters in spinal cord

Clostridium Tetani | - tetanospasmin (toxin)

Which bacteria is associated with: - Flaccid paralysis, floppy baby; - toxin prevents release of stimulatory (ACh) signals at neuromuscular junction -> flaccid paralysis

Clostridium Botulinum | -botulinum toxin

Which 3 bacteria's increase fluid secretion?

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (EHEC) Bacillus anthracis Vibrio cholerae

What vaccine is used for clostridium tetani?

tatanus toxoid

Name the 2 lyse cell membranes bacteria.

Clostridium perfringens | Streptococcus pyogenes

- Alpha toxin - phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes - Manifestation: Degradation of phospholipid C ->myonecrosis ("gas gangrene") and hemolysis ("double zone" of hemolysis on blood agar)

Clostridium perfringens

Toxin: Streptolysin O Mechanism: Protein degrades cell membrane

Streptococcus pyogenes

What are the 2 bacteria that cause Superantigens causing shock?

Staphylococcus aureus | Streptococcus pyogenes

What are symptoms of Toxic shock syndrome?

Fever, rash, and shock | other toxins- scalded skin syndrome with exfoliative toxin and food poisoning with enterotoxin

What is the toxin associated with Staphylococcus aureus?

Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)

What is the toxin associated with Streptococcus pyogenes?

Exotoxin A

A lipopolysaccharide found in outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Endotoxin

ENDOTOXIN

``` E-dema N-itric acid D-IC/Death O-uter membrane T-NF-alpha O-antigen eXtremely heat stable IL-1 N-eutrophil chemotaxis ```

What are the components of the bacterial growth curve from L to R?

Lag phase Exponential growth phase Stationary phase Death phase

Describe the lag phase of the bacterial growth curve.

Metabolic activity without division

Describe the exponential/log phase of the bacterial growth curve

Rapid cell division. Penicillins and cephaloporins act here as peptidoglycan is being made.

Describe the stationary phase of the bacterial growth curve

nutrient depletion slows growth. Spore formation in some bacteria

Describe the death phase of the bacterial growth curve

Prolonged nutrient depletion and buildup of waste products lead to death

With whooping cough do you hear the "whoops" on inspiration or expiration?

With whooping cough: child coughs on expiration and "whoops on inspiration (toxin may not actually be a cause of cough; can cause "100 day cough" in adults. - manifestation of bordetella pertussis

Media used for isolation: Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

H. Influenzae

Media used for isolation: Thayer-Martin (or VPN) media- Vancyomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria), and Nystatin (inhibits fungi); "to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client"

N. Gonorrhoeae & N. Meningitidis

"to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client" ....What is VPN and what do each inhibit?

- Vancyomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), - polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria), and - Nystatin (inhibits fungi);

Media used for isolation: Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar

B. pertussis | (Bordet for BORDETella

Media used for isolation: Tellurite plate, loffler's media

C. diphtheriae

Media used for isolation: Eaton's agar

M. pneumoniae

Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar (fermentation productes acid, turning colony pink); E. coli is also grown on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar as colonies with green metallic sheen

Lactose-fermenting enterics

Media used for isolation: Charcoal yeast extract agar buggered with cysteine and iron

Legionella

SABouraoud's agar. | -("Sab's a FUN Guy!")

Fungi

Name 5 stains for bacteria.

``` Giemsa PAS (periodic acid- schiff Aiehl- Neelsen (carbol fuchsin) India ink Silver stain ```

What is the Giemsa stain used for? | "Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience"

Chlamydia, borrelia, rickettsiae, trypanosomes, plasmodium

What is the PAS stain used for and what is it used to diagnose? (PASs the Sugar)

Stains Glycogen, mucopolysaccharides- used to diagnose Whipple's disease

What is the Ziehl-Neelsen used for ? | My Nook is Fast

Acid-fast organisms (Nocardia, mycobacterium)

What is the india ink used for?

Cryptococcus neoformans (mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule Red)

What is the silver stain used for ?

Fungi (e.g. pneumocystis), legionella, helicobacter pylori | "The Fun Helicopeter Silver Lining"

What are the Gram stain limitations and why do they NOT stain well? (hint: "These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color")

These bugs do NOT gram stain well: Treponema (too thin to be visualized) Rickettsia (intracellular parasite) Mycobacteria (high lipid content in cell wall detected by carbolfuchsin in acid-fast statin) Mycoplasm (no cell wall) Legionella pneumophila (primarily intracellular)- use silver stain Chlamydia (intracellular parasite; lacks muramic acid in cell wall

Basic Bacteriology- FA Flashcards

(60 cards)