Micro Pharm Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
Binds PBPs, inhibit transpeptidation, activate autolytic enzymes
A
Penicillins (G and V) mechanism of action?
2
Q
Gram positive bacteria
A
Penicillins (general) uses?
3
Q
Hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in renal impairment
A
Penicillins (general) side effects?
4
Q
Beta lactamase sensitive. Narrow spectrum (g+), Treponema pallidum.
A
Penicillin V uses?
5
Q
Hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in renal impairment. Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (fervers, chills, rigor hypotension) with syphillis treatment.
A
Penicillin V side effects?
6
Q
Bactericidal. Binds PBPs, inhibit transpeptidation, activate autolytic enzymes.
A
Methicillin, Nafcillin, Dicloxacillin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Ticarcillin, Pipercillin, Azlocillin, Carbenicillin
7
Q
Beta lactamase RESISTANT. Very narrow spectrum, methicillin SENSITIVE S. aureus (MSSA).
A
Methicillin, Nafcillin, Dicloxacillin uses?
8
Q
Hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in renal impairment. Interstitial nephritis.
A
Methicillin, Amoxicillin
9
Q
Hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in LIVER impairment.
A
Nafcillin, Dicloxacillin side effects?
10
Q
Hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in LIVER impairment.
A
Dicloxacillin side effects?
11
Q
Beta lactamase sensitive. Broad spectrum, Haemophilus, E.coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella
A
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin uses?
12
Q
Hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in renal impairment. Rash with viral infection, pseudomembranous colitis
A
Ampicillin side effects?
13
Q
Beta lactamase sensitive. Extended spectrum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gram negative anaerobes (Bacteriodes fragilis).
A
Ticarcillin, Piperacillin, Azlocillin, Carbenicillin
14
Q
Hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in renal impairment.
A
Ticarcillin, Piperacillin, Azlocillin, Carbenicillin side effects?
15
Q
Inhibits beta-lactamase/penicillinase
A
Clavulanic acid, Tazobactam, Sulbactam mechanism of action?
16
Q
Combine with ampicillin/amoxicillin or antipseudomonals to protect the antibiotic from destruction by Beta-lactamase (penicillinase)
A
Clavulanic acid, Tazobactam, Sulbactam uses?
17
Q
Beta-lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to penicillinases. Bactericidal.
A
Cephalosporins (general)
18
Q
- Hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in renal impairment, vitamin K deficiency.
- Low reactivity with penicillins and increased nephrotoxicity of amino glycosides.
A
Cephalosporins (general) side effects?
19
Q
Used for: Gram Positive Cocci, PEcK (Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.)
- One of these was used prior to surgery to precent S. Aureus wound infections.
A
1st Gen: Cefazolin, cephalexin
- Cefazolin
20
Q
Used for: Gram positive Cocci HEN PEcKS (Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marascens.)
- Greater Spectrum of Gram pos
A
2nd Gen: Cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxime
21
Q
Used for: Serious Gram negative infections resistant to other Beta-lactams. Sepsis and meningitis (crosses BBB.)
A
3rd gen: Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime
22
Q
Used for: increased activity against Pseudomonas and gram positive organisms.
A
4th gen: Cefepime
23
Q
2nd gen: HEN PEcKS (Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marascens.)
A
Cefamandole, cefotetan uses?
24
Q
Disulfiram like effects, hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in renal impairment.
A
Cefamandole, cefotetan side effects?
25
3rd gen that doesn't cross BBB (too lipid soluble)
Cefoperazone uses?
26
Disulfiram like effects, hypersensitivity, dose adjustment in LIVER impairment.
Cefoperazone
27
A Monobactam resistant to Beta-lactamases that prevents peptidoglycan cross-linking by binding to PBP3.
- Synergistic with aminoglycosides and no cross allergenicity with penicillins.
Aztreonam mechanism of action?
28
Used For: Gram negative rods only: Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia.
- For penicillin-allergic pts and those with renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate amino glycosides.
- Usually nontoxic, occasional GI upset.
Aztreonam
29
Broad-spectrum, Beta-lactamase-resistant carbapenem. Always used with cilastatin (inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase I) to decrease inactivation of drug in renal tubules..
Imipenem
30
MUST BE USED WITH CILASTATIN. Broad spectrum G+ cocci and G- rods and anaerobes. Wide spectrum but limited use due to life-threatening infections.
Imipenem uses?
31
SE: GI distress, skin rash, and SEIZURES. Dose reduction in renal failure.
Imipenem side effects?
32
Broad-spectrum, Beta-lactamase-resistant carbapenem other than Imipenem.
Meropenem mechanism of action?
33
Used for: Doesn't need cilastatin. Broad spectrum G+ cocci and G- rods.
Meropenem uses?
34
SE: GI distress, skin rash, and less risk of seizures versus imipinem. Dose reduction in renal failure.
Meropenem side effects?
35
Inhibits renal dihydropeptidase I (used with Imipenem.)
Cilastatin mechanism of action?
36
Required for imipenem use.
Cilastatin uses?
37
Bactericidal. Inhibits cell wall peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala D-ala portion of cell wall precursors (transglycosylation.)
Vancomycin mechanism of action?
38
Used for: Serious G+ infections. MRSA, Enterococcus, and Clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous colitis).
Vancomycin uses?
39
SE: Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing- "red man syndrome" (can largely prevent by pretreatment with antihistamines and slow infusion rate).
Vancomycin
40
Bactericidal. Inhibit formation of initiation complex and cause misreading of mRNA (30s subunit.) Requires O2 for uptake therefore ineffective against anaerobes.
Amikacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, neomycin
| - A "initiates" the Alphabet.
41
Severe gram-negative rod infections. Synergistic with beta-lactam antibiotics. NOT ANAEROBES.
- Which one for bowel surgery and which one for M. tuberculosis?
Amikacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, neomycin uses?
- Neomycin for bowel surgery and Streptomycin for M. tuberculosis.
42
Nephrotoxicity (especially when used with cephalosporins), ototoxicity (especially when used with loop diuretics), teratogenic, neuromuscular blockade (like botulism.)
- Which one for Contact dermatitis?
Amikacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, neomycin
| - Neomycin
43
Bacteriostatic. Inhibits attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to acceptor site (30S). Limited CNS penetration.
- Which one for renal failure because it is fecally eliminated?
Tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline mechanism of action?
- Doxycyline
44
Vibrio cholerae, Acne, Chlamydia*, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Tularemia, H. pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi*, Rickettsia*.
- Effective because of it's ability to accumulate intracellularly.
Tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline uses?
45
GI distress, discoloration of teeth and inhibition of bone growth in children, photosensitivity. Contraindicated in children, pregnancy, and ingestion with milk (chelates calcium.) Fanconi's syndrome (expired tetracyclines).
Tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline side effects?
46
Bacteriostatic. Inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase activity.
Chloramphenicol mechanism of action?
47
Meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae).
Chloramphenicol uses?
48
Anemia (dose dependent), aplastic anemia (dose independent), gray baby syndrome (in premature infants because they lack liver UDP-glucuronyl transferase). Inhibits CYP-450s.
Chloramphenicol side effects?
49
Bacteriostatic. Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation (transpeptidation) at 50S subunit.
Clindamycin mechanism of action?
50
```
Anaerobic infections (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens). S. aureus osteomyelitis (enters bone.)
- Treat anaerobes above the diaphragm vs metronidazole (anaerobic infections below the diaphragm).
```
Clindamycin uses?
51
Pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile overgrowth), fever, diarrhea.
Clindamycin side effects?
52
Bacteriostatic. Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation via 50S subunit.
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin mechanism of action?
53
URIs, pneumonias, STDs, gram-positive cocci (streptococcal infections in patients allergic to penicillin), Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia, Neisseria.
- Which one for M. avium-intracellulare?
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin uses?
| - Azithromycin
54
Prolonged QT interval (especially erythromycin), GI discomfort (stimulates motilin receptors), acute cholestatic hepatitis, eosinophilia, skin rashes, deafness. Increases serum concentration of theophyllines, oral anticoagulants by inhibiting CYP-450s (exception: azithromycin.)
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin side effects?
55
KETOLIDE. Bacteriostatic. Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation via 50S subunit.
Telithromycin mechanism of action?
56
Macrolide-resistant S. pneumonia.
Telithromycin uses?
57
Bacteriostatic. Inhibits attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to acceptor site (50S) and block extrusion of completed peptide from ribosome.
Dalfopristin/quinupristin mechanism of action?
58
VREF/VRSA
Dalfopristin/quinupristin uses?
59
Bacteriostatic. Inhibits formation of initiation complex via 50S ribosomal subunit.
Linezolid mechanism of action?
60
VREF/VRSA
Linezolid uses?
61
Myelosuppression.
Linezolid side effects?
62
PABA antimetabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase. Bacteriostatic.
Sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine mechanism of action?
63
Gram-positive, gram-negative, Nocardia, Chlamydia, Pneumocystis, Toxoplasma (sulfadiazine). Triple sulfas or SMX for simple UTI.
Sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine uses?
64
Photosensitivity, hypersensitivity reactions, hemolysis if G6PD deficient, nephrotoxicity (crystaluria), photosensitivity, kernicterus in infants, displace other drugs from albumin (e.g., warfarin).
Sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine side effects?
65
Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. Bacteriostatic.
Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine mechanism of action?
66
Recurrent UTIs, Shigella, Salmonella, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Toxoplasma (pyrimethamine.)
Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine uses?
67
Megaloblastic anemia, myelosuppression. May alleviate with supplemental folinic acid.
Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine side effects?
68
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II and IV). Bactericidal.
| - Must not be taken with antacids.
Fluoroquinolones mechanism of action?
69
Gram-negative rods of urinary, GI tracts, and osteomyelitis (including Pseudomonas.) Neisseria, some gram positive organisms like macrolide-resistant S. pneumonia.
Fluoroquinolones uses?
70
GI upset, superinfections, phototoxicity (skin rashes), headache, dizziness, increase QT interval. Damage cartilage in children. Tendonitis and tendon rupture in adults; leg cramps and myalgias in kids. Contraindicate with antacids/calcium, children, and pregnancy.
Fluoroquinolones side effects?
71
Forms free radical toxic metabolites in the bacterial cell that damage DNA. Bactericidal, antiprotozoal.
Metronidazole mechanism of action?
72
Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobes (Bacteroides, Clostridium.) Used with bismuth and amoxicillin (or tetracycline) for "triple therapy" against H. Pylori.
Metronidazole
| - GET GAP on the Metro with metronidazole!
73
Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol; headache, metallic taste.
Metronidazole side effects?
74
Disrupts cell membrane.
Polymyxin mechanism of action?
75
Gram negative organisms.
Polymyxin uses?
76
Neurotoxicity, acute renal tubular necrosis.
Polymyxin side effects?
77
Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids. Prodrug activated by mycobacterium's catalase (KatG).
Isoniazid mechanism of action?
78
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The only agent used as solo prophylaxis against TB .
Isoniazid uses?
79
Neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and sideroblastic anemia. Treat with pyridoxine (vitamin B6.) Induces hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficient patients. Drug induced SLE.
Isoniazid side effects?
80
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (transcription.)
Rifampin mechanism of action?
81
Mycobacterium tuberculosis; delays resistance to dapsone when used for leprosy. Used for meningococcal prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis in contacts of children with Haemophilus influenzae type B.
Rifampin uses?
82
Minor hepatotoxicity and drug interactions (indces CYP-450); orange body fluids (nonhazardous side effect.)
Rifampin side effects?
83
Effective in acidic pH of phagolysosomes where TB engulfed by macrophages is found.
Pyrazinamide mechanism of action?
84
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Pyrazinamide uses?
85
Hepatoxicity, hyperuricemia.
Pyrazinamide side effects?
86
Inhibits synthesis of arabinogalactan.(decreases carbohydrate polymerization by blocking arabinosyltransferase).
Ethambutol mechanism of action?
87
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Ethambutol uses?
88
Retrobublar neuritis leading to decreased visual acuity and red-green color blindness.
Ethambutol side effects?
89
Binds ergosterol; forms membrane pores that allow leakage of electrolytes.
Amphotericin B mechanism of action?
90
Used for wide spectrum of systemic mycoses. Cryptococcus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Candida, Mucor (systemic mycoses). Intrathecally for fungal meningitis; does not cross blood-brain barrier.
- Supplement K and Mg because of altered renal tubule permeability.
Amphotericin B uses?
91
Fever/chills ("shake and bake"), hypotension, nephrotoxicity, arrhythmias, anemia, IV phlebitis ("amphoterrible"). Hydration reduces nephrotoxicity. Liposomal amphotericin reduces toxicity.
Amphotericin B side effects?
92
Binds to ergosterol, disrupting fungal membranes. Too toxic for systemic use.
Nystatin mechanism of action?
93
Swish and swallow for oral candidiasis (thrush); topical for diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis.
Nystatin uses?
94
Inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis via 14-alpha-demethylase. (Inhibits the P-450 enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol)
Fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole mechanism of action?
95
Fluconazole for Cryptococcus (crosses BBB) and Candidasis. Ketoconazole for Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Candida albicans, and hypercortisolism. Clotrimazole and miconazole for topical fungal infections. Itraconazole and voriconazole for aspergillosis and sporotrichosis.
Fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole uses?
96
Testosterone synthesis inhibition (gynecomastia), liver dysfunction (inhibits cytochrome P-450), fever, chills.
Fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole side effects?
97
Inhibits DNA synthesis by conversion to 5-fluorouracil; inhibits thymidylate synthase.
Flucytosine mechanism of action?
98
Used in systemic fungal infections (e.g., Candida, Cryptococcus) in combination with amphotericin B.
Flucytosine uses?
99
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, myelosuppression suppression.
Flucytosine side effects?
100
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of beta-glucan.
Caspofungin, micafungin mechanism of action?
101
Invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis.
Caspofungin, micafungin uses?
102
GI upset, flushing (histamine release)
Caspofungin, micafungin side effects?
103
Inhibits 2,3-squalene epoxidase.
Terbinafine mechanism of action?
104
Dermatophytoses (especially onychomycosis.)
Terbinafine uses?
105
Elevated AST/ALT, visual disturbances.
Terbinafine side effects?
106
Interferes with microtubule function; disrupts mitosis. Deposits in keratin-containing tissues (e.g., nails).
Griseofulvin mechanism of action?
107
Oral treatment of superficial infections; inhibits growth of dermatophytes (tinea, ringworm).
Griseofulvin uses?
108
Teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, headaches, induces P-450 and thus increases warfarin metabolism. Disulfiram like reaction.
Griseofulvin side effects?
109
Blocks viral penetration/uncoating (M2 protein); may buffer pH of endosome. Also causes the release of dopamine from intact nerve terminals. Muscarinic antagonist.
Amantadine mechanism of action?
110
Prophylaxis and treatment for influenza A; Parkinson's disease.
Amantadine uses?
111
Ataxia, dizziness, slurred speech. Livedo reticularis and anti-muscarinic like effects.
Amantadine side effects?
112
Inhibit influenza neuraminidase, decreasing the release of progeny virus.
Zanamivir, oseltamivir mechanism of action?
113
Influenza A and B.
Zanamivir, oseltamivir uses?
114
Mech: Inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides by competitively inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase. Inhibits RNA polymerase.
Ribavirin mechanism of action?
115
Used for RSV, HepC, Lassa fever, Hantavirus (RNA viruses)
Ribavirin uses?
116
SE: Hematotoxic (anemia). Severe teratogen. Contraindicate with pregnant women.
Ribavirin side effects?
117
Mech: Monophosphorylated by HSV NZV thymidine kinase. Guanosine analog. Triphosphate formed by cellular enzymes. Preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase by chain termination.
Acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir mechanism of action?
118
Used for HSV and VZV (famciclovir)
Acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir uses?
119
Mech: 5'-monophosphate formed by a CMV viral kinase or HSVNZV thymidine kinase.Guanosine analog. Triphosphate formed by cellular kinases. Preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase.
Ganciclovir mechanism of action?
120
Used for CMV, especially in immunocompromised patients.
Ganciclovir uses?
121
SE: Myelosupppression, thrombocytopenia, renal toxicity (maintain hydration.)
Ganciclovir side effects?
122
Mech: Inhibits DNA and RNA polymerase by binding to the pyrophosphate binding site of enzyme. Does not require activation by viral kinase.
Foscarnet, Cidofovir mechanism of action?
123
Used for CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients when ganciclovir fails; acyclovir-resistant HSV.
Foscarnet, Cidofovir (Long Half-life)
124
SE: Nephrotoxicity (binds calcium and magnesium.) No myelosuppression! Contraindicate with pentamidine or other nephrotoxic drugs.
Foscarnet, Cidofovir side effects?
125
Mech: Protease inhibitor (prevent maturation of new viruses)
- Assembly of visions depends on HIV-1 protease (pol gene), which cleaves the polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts.
Lopinavir, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, Indinavir mechanism of action?
126
Mech: HIV with 2 NRTIs. Ritonavir can "boost" other drugs by inhbiitng CYP-4450.
Lopinavir, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, Indinavir uses?
127
SE: GI intolerance (nausea, diarrhea), gout, hyperglycemia (insulin resistance), lipodystrophy (central adiposity), thrombocytopenia (indinavir). Contraindicate in coronary artery disease. Atazanavir has less association with lipodystrophy and hyperglycemia.
Lopinavir, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, Indinavir side effects?
128
Mech: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase, causes chain termination (lack of 3' OH group)
Tenofovir, emtricitabine, abacavir, lamivudine, zidovudine, dianosine, stavudine mechanism of action?
129
Used for HIV with another NTRI and a PI/NNRTI/ISTI/FI/CCR5-antagonist, HepB (lamivudine)
Tenofovir, emtricitabine, abacavir, lamivudine, zidovudine, dianosine, stavudine uses?
130
SE: Myelosuppression (Zidovudine), hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity (Tenofovir), pancreatitis/peripheral neuropathy (Zalcitabine and Didanosine), hypersensitivity (abacavir - do HLA-B5701 testing).
Tenofovir, emtricitabine, abacavir, lamivudine, zidovudine, dianosine, stavudine side effects?
131
Mech: Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Non-competitive inhibitor of reverse transcriptase at different site than NRTI's. Does not require phosphorylation to be active.
Nevirapine, efavirenz, delavirdine mechanism of action?
132
Used for HIV with 2 NRTIs. Single dose nevirapine for HIV+ mother during delivery.
Nevirapine, efavirenz, delavirdine uses?
133
SE: Dysphoric dreams, teratogenic (efavirenz), hepatotoxic and induce CYP450 (nevirapine.) Contraindicate with neuropsychiatric history and pregnancy.
Nevirapine, efavirenz, delavirdine side effects?
134
Mech: Fusion inhibitor. Bind viral gp41 subunit; inhibit conformational change required for fusion with CD4 cells. Therefore block entry and subsequent replication.
Enfuvirtide mechanism of action?
135
Used for HIV salvage therapy with 2 NRTIs.
Enfuvirtide uses?
136
SE: Hypersensitivity reactions, reactions at subcutaneous injection site, increased risk of bacterial pneumonia.
Enfuvirtide side effects?
137
Mech: Integrase inhibitor.
Raltegravir mechanism of action?
138
Used for HIV with 2 NRTIs.
Raltegravir, Maraviroc uses?
139
SE: Hypercholesterolemia.
Raltegravir side effects?
140
Mech: CCR-5 antagonist.
Maraviroc mechanism of action?
141
Mech: Inhibits DNA polymerase.
Cidofovir mechanism of action?
142
Used for: CMV, especially in immunocompromised patients.
Cidofovir uses?
143
SE: Nephrotoxicity.
Cidofovir side effects?
144
Used for Hep B/C/D, HHV-8 (Kaposi's sarcoma), CML, multiple myeloma, renal carcinoma, melanoma (alpha interferon). Multiple sclerosis (beta inferferon). Chronic granulomatous disease (gamma interferon.)
Interferon alpha/beta/gamma uses?
145
Used for Trypanosoma cruzi
Nifurtimox uses?
146
Used for Trypanosoma gambiense and rhodesiense (blood borne)
Suramin uses?
147
Used for Trypanosoma gambiense and rhodesiense (CNS penetration)
Melarsoprol uses?
148
Mech: Increases calcium influx, leading to vaculization.
Praziquantal mechanism of action?
149
Used for Cestodes and flukes - Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum, Schistosoma, Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani/
Praziquantal uses?
150
Mech: Inhibit glucose uptake, disrupts microtubular structure.
Mebendazole/Albendazole mechanism of action?
151
Used for SCABIES. Nematodes - Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia solium (neurocysticercosis), Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichinella spiralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis****.
Mebendazole/Albendazole uses?
152
Used for Strongyloides stercoralis, onchocera volvulus
Ivermectin uses?
153
Used for Leishmaniasis
Sodium stibogluconate uses?
154
Used for Babesia microti
Quinine plus clindamycin uses?
155
Mech: Nicotinic agonist leading to spastic paralysis.
Pyrantel pamoate mechanism of action?
156
Used for Nematodes - Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus
Pyrantel pamoate uses?
157
Used for Loa loa, Wuchereria bancrofti, toxocara canis
Diethylcarbamazine uses?
158
Used for: Dracunculus medinerisis
Niridazole uses?
159
Mech: Blocks detoxification of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia.
Chloroquine mechanism of action?
160
Used for: Erythrocyte form of P. vivax, ovale, malariae, falciparum.
Chloroquine uses?
161
SE: Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency, cinchonism (alpha and muscarinic antagonist) - blurred/double vision, GI toxicity, tinnitus, cardiac arrythmias, hypotension, Retinopathy.
Chloroquine side effects?
162
Mech: Inhibit heme synthesis, causing toxic buildup.
Mefloquine mechanism of action?
163
Used for: Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium species.
Mefloquine uses?
164
SE: Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency, cinchonism (alpha and muscarinic antagonist) - blurred/double vision, GI toxicity, tinnitus, cardiac arrythmias, hypotension.
Mefloquine side effects?
165
Mech: Oxidant, inhibits DNA synthesis.
Primaquine mechanism of action?
166
Used for: Liver form of Plasmodium vivax and ovale.
Primaquine uses?
167
SE: Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency, cinchonism (alpha and muscarinic antagonist) - blurred/double vision, GI toxicity, tinnitus, cardiac arrythmias, hypotension.
Primaquine side effects?
168
Mech: Block Plasmodium endoplasmic ATPase.
Artemisinin, amodiaquine mechanism of action?
169
Used for Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium species.
Artemisinin, amodiaquine uses?
170
Mech: Damages bacterial DNA.
Nitrofurantoin mechanism of action?
171
Used for UTIs (E. coli, broad spectrum). Highly excreted in the urine.
Nitrofurantoin uses?
172
Mech: Protease inhibitor.
Telaprevir, boceprevir mechanism of action?
173
Used for Hepatitis C.
Telaprevir, boceprevir uses?
174
Used for Pneumocystis if patien't can't tolerate TMP-SMX or if they are immunosupressed (doesn't cause myelosuppression).
Atovaquone uses?
175
Used for Pneumocystis if patien't can't tolerate TMP-SMX
Pentamidine uses?
176
SE: Nephrotoxic
Pentamidine side effects?
177
Mech: Neurotoxic; binds and activates sodium channels
Permethrin mechanism of action?
178
Scabies drug of choice
Permethrin uses?
179
Mech: Antibody against RSV F protein.
Palivizumab mechanism of action?
180
Used for: Respiratory syncytial virus
Palivizumab uses?
181
Organisms not typically covered by cephalosporins
LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA, and Enterococci
- Exception: Ceftaroline covers MRSA
182
Cephalosporin that treats meningitis and gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
183
Cephalosporin that treats Pseudomonas
Ceftazidime
184
Resistance to Vancomysin occurs how?
Amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac.
185
30S Inhibitors and 50S Inhibitors
"Buy AT 30, CCEL (sell) at 50"
- 30S: Aminoglycosides (bactericidal) and Tetracyclines (bacteriostatic)
- 50S: Chlorampenicol, Clindamycin (bacteriostatic), Erythromycin (macrolides)(bacteriostatic), Linezolid (variable)
186
Aminoglycosides
"Mean" (aMINoglycosides) GNATS caNNOT kill anaerobes.
| - Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin
187
Do not take with milk, antacids, or iron-containing preparations because divalent cations inhibit its absorption in the gut.
Tetracyclines
188
ADH Antagonist; acts as a Diuretic in SIADH and rarely used as an antibiotic?
Demeclocycline
189
Macrolides
Azythromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromicin
190
Mech: Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking translocations ("macroSLIDES"); bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal unit. Bacteriostatic
Macrolides (Azythromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromicin)
191
Used for Atypical pneumonias (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella), STDs (Chlamydia), and gram positive cocci (strep infections in pts allergic to penicillin)
Macrolides (Azythromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromicin)
192
SE: Motility Issues, Arrhythmia caused by prolonged QT, acute Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia.
- Increases serum concentration of theophillines, oral anticoagulants.
Macrolides (Azythromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromicin)
| - MACRO
193
AE: Kernicterus in fetus/baby
Sulfonamides
194
AE: Ototoxicity in fetus/baby
Aminoglycosides
195
AE: Cartilage Damage in fetus/baby
Fluoroquinolones
196
AE: Embryotoxic in fetus/baby
Clarithromycin
197
AE: Discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth in fetus/baby
Tetracyclines
198
AE: Teratogenic
Griseofulvin (antifungal) and Ribavirin (antiviral)
199
AE: "Gray baby"
Chloramphenicol
200
Antibiotics to avoid in Pregnancy
"SAFe Children Take Really Good Care"
- Sulfonamides, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Clarithromycin, Tetracyclines, Ribavirin (antiviral), Griseofulvin (antifungal), Chloramphenicol
201
Prophylactic for Meningococcal infection
- Ciprofloxacin (DOC), rifampin for kids
202
Prophylactic for Gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
203
Prophylactic for Syphilis
Benzathine Penicillin G
204
Prophylactic for History of recurrent UTIs
TMP-SMX
205
Prophylactic for Endocarditis with surgical or dental procedures
Penicillins
206
Prophylactic for Pregnant women carrying group B strep
Ampicillin
207
Prophylactic for strep pharyngitis in child with prior rheumatic fever
Oral penicillin
208
Prophylactic for prevention of post surgical infection due to S. aureus
Cefazolin
209
Prophylactic for prevention of gonococcal or chlamydial conjunctivitis in newborn
Erythromycin ointment
