Basic Concepts in Mycology

Question 1

What does the greek word “mykes” mean?

Answer 1

Fungus

Question 2

the study of fungi encompassing environmental impact, genetic and biochemical properties.

Answer 2

Mycology

Question 3

There are about ___ to ____ new species are described each year.

Answer 3

1,000 to 1,500

Question 4

the study of fungi, its impact and relationship to human disease.

Answer 4

Medical Mycology

Question 5

True/false

From the named species, fewer than 500 have commonly been associated with human and zoonotic diseases, and no more than 50 causes opportunistic infections.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

True/False

One of the importance of learning mycology is the increasing number of rare environmental molds implicated as opportunistic pathogens capable of producing serious diseases among debilitated or immunocompromised hosts.

Answer 6

False

rare –> ubiquitous (present everywhere)

Question 7

True/false

fungal infection is often mistaken as a bacterial infection.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

the asexual form of a fungus

Answer 8

anamorph

Question 9

A specialized conidiogenous cell from which a succession of spores is produced and which has a column of apical scars at its tip.

Answer 9

Annellide

Question 10

ability of a fungus to use a specific carbon or nitrogen source for growth.

Answer 10

Assimilation

Question 11

it indicates “without cross-walls or septa.”

Answer 11

Aseptate

Question 12

the process of conidia formation.

Answer 12

Conidiogenesis

Question 13

One basic method of conidiogenesis in which an existing hyphal cell is converted into one or more conidia

Answer 13

thallic

Question 14

One basic method of conidiogenesis in which conidia are produced as a result of some form of budding process

Answer 14

blastic

Question 15

An asexual (mitosis only) propagule that forms on the side or the end of the hypha or conidiophore.

Answer 15

conidium

Question 16

True/False

A conidium is always borne externally, ie., enclosed in a saclike structure such as sporangium.

Answer 16

False

NOT ENCLOSED

Question 17

Type of conidia that are small and usually singled cell

Answer 17

microconidia

Question 18

Type of conidia that are usually segmented into two or more cels

Answer 18

Macroconidia

Question 19

It indicates “darkly pigmented”

Answer 19

Dematiaceous

Question 20

ability of a fungus to utilize a specific carbohydrate in the presence of other organic compounds, resulting in the production of gas.

Answer 20

fermentation

Question 21

true/false

All carbohydrates fermented by a fungus are also assimilated, and many compounds that are assimilated are also fermented.

Answer 21

false

Question 22

This indicates that the carbohydrate has been assimilated

Answer 22

Acid production (color change)

Question 23

colonies with a cotton-like texture.

Answer 23

floccose

Question 24

term used to describe spores with a spindle-like shape.

Answer 24

fusiform

Question 25

colonies with wax-like texture.

Answer 25

Glabrous

Question 26

a self-sterile fungus; sexual reproduction cannot take place unless two compatible mating strains are present.

Answer 26

heterothallic

Question 27

a self-compatible fungus; sexual reproduction can take place within an individual strain. Hyaline: colorless, transparent, transluscent.

Answer 27

homothallic

Question 28

one of the individual filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.

Answer 28

hypha

Question 29

a filamentous fungus.

Answer 29

Mold

Question 30

it means hyaline or lightly colored.

Answer 30

Moniliaceous

Question 31

a mass of branching filaments which make up the vegetative growth of a fungus.

Answer 31

Mycelium

Question 32

a cell with several nuclei.

Answer 32

Oligokaryotic

Question 33

it means having few septa.

Answer 33

Pauciseptate

Question 34

a chain of yeast cells which have arisen as a result of budding and have elongated without becoming detached from each other, forming a hypha-like filament.

Answer 34

pseudohypha

Question 35

True/false Unlike a true hypha, the connection between adjacent pseudohyphal cells shows cross walls.

Answer 35

False shows MARKED CONSTRICTION

Question 36

a short branching hypha that resembles a root.

Answer 36

RHIZOID

Question 37

it means having cross-walls or septa.

Answer 37

Septate

Question 38

a monophyletic clade of species with equivalent clinical relevance.

Answer 38

Species complex

Question 39

a specialized hypha upon which a sporangium develops.

Answer 39

Sporangiophore

Question 40

term used to describe the development of a single conidium at successive sites along a lengthening conidiogenous cell.

Answer 40

Sympodial

Question 41

the sexual form of a fungus.

Answer 41

Teleomorph

Question 42

the vegetative growth of a fungus

Answer 42

Thallus

Question 43

a unicellular, budding fungus.

Answer 43

Yeast

Question 44

What time period when fungi were used as an antiseptic and anesthesia due to the “magical & spiritual” properties.

Answer 44

35,000 BC

Question 45

what time period when people were convinced that association with fungi will entail the formation of diseases. People believed that fungi were “the work of the devil”.

Answer 45

middle ages

Question 46

what time period when people believed fungi were plants with no fruit nor seed.

Answer 46

Renaissance period

Question 47

Birth of the 1st mycological studies.

Answer 47

18th Century

Question 48

founder of modern mycological studies.

Answer 48

Pier Anton Micheli

Question 49

Time period when mycology was separated from botany.

Answer 49

18th century

Question 50

time period when fungi were recognized as a potential causative agents of diseases that are usually fatal in nature

Answer 50

mid-20th century

Question 51

Branch of science that deals with systematic biological classification of all living organisms

Answer 51

Taxonomy

Question 52

Taxonomy is divided three disciplines:

Answer 52

classification, identification, and nomenclature

Question 53

what breakthrough concept was developed in 2011 that recommended the discontinuation of the dual nomenclature system?

Answer 53

"One fungus, One name"

Question 54

When did the system of permitting separate anamorph and teleomorph names end?

Answer 54

January 1, 2013

Question 55

Father of Taxonomy

Answer 55

Carl Von Linne

Question 56

Proposed 2 kingdoms: animalia and plantae

Answer 56

Carl Von Linne (1753)

Question 57

introduced an additional classification scheme 3 kingdom: animalia, plantae, and protista

Answer 57

Emil Haeckel (1866)

Question 58

introduced the five kingdom scheme 5 kingdoms: animalia, protista, plantae, mycetea, monera

Answer 58

robert whittacker (1949)

Question 59

introduced the domain system 3 domains: eukarya, bacteria, and archaea

Answer 59

carl woose (1977)

Question 60

introduced 7 kingdoms 7 kingdoms: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, chromista, plantae, fungi, and animalia

Answer 60

cavalier-smith (2015)

Question 61

it is the orderly arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups on the basis of similarity.

Answer 61

classification

Question 62

this pertains whether a defined organism is classified as Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic.

Answer 62

Cell type

Question 63

discusses whether an organism is a unicellular or multicellular

Answer 63

Level of cellular organization

Question 64

Eukaryotes are divided into five monophyletic lineages or supergroups:

Answer 64

SAR (one clade consists of three groups viz., Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria) Archaeplastida Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta — True fungi

Question 65

organisms that are not fungi sensu strictu that share fungal-like morphological features with the true fungi.

Answer 65

parafungi or pseudofungi

Question 66

Another term for fungi-imperfecti

Answer 66

Form-division deuteromycota

Question 67

fungi that reproduce asexual type only (sporogenesis)

Answer 67

Fungi imperfecti

Question 68

Seven phyla that constitute true fungi:

Answer 68

Ascomycota Basidiomycota Blastocladiomycota Chytridiomycota Glomeromycota (formerly Zygomycota) Microsporidia Neocallimastigomycota

Question 69

These two phyla are classified as asubkingdom dikarya

Answer 69

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

Question 70

2 subphylum of glomeromycota

Answer 70

Subphylum mucormycotina and entomophthoromycotina

Question 71

What order is under the subphylum mucormycotina

Answer 71

Mucorales

Question 72

Under the order mucorales, what are the 4 genera?

Answer 72

Lichtheimia (absidia) Mucor Rhizomucor Rhizopus

Question 73

What order is under the subphylum entomophthoromycotina?

Answer 73

entomophthorales

Question 74

Under the order entomophthorales, what are the 2 genera?

Answer 74

basidiobolus and conidiobolus

Question 75

This is the labeling of the untis defined.

Answer 75

Nomenclature

Question 76

the process of determining whether an unknown belongs to one of the units defined in and labeled in.

Answer 76

Identification

Question 77

produced via sexual reproduction of a generative cell (basidium).

Answer 77

Basidiospores (haploid)

Question 78

3 genera of the phylum basidiomycota:

Answer 78

Cryptococcus Malassezia Trichosporon

Question 79

Polyphyletic, belong to subphylum Agaricomycotina, class Tremellomycetes, and order Tremellales and(or) Filobasidiales

Answer 79

Cryptococcus

Question 80

Most filamentous basidiomycetes are _____ fungi or ____ plant pathogens.

Answer 80

wood-rotting; obligate

Question 81

TRUE/FALSE sexual reproduction is variable, some produce spores like those of the Ascomytoca in the phylum basidiomycota

Answer 81

false ASEXUAL

Question 82

what phylum contains ~50% of all named fungal species and accounts for ~80% of fungi of medical importance?

Answer 82

Phylum Ascomycota

Question 83

ascospores which are produced in a sac like structure called

Answer 83

ascus

Question 84

This structure contains numerous asci

Answer 84

ascocarps or ascomata

Question 85

Three subphylum under phylum ascomycota

Answer 85

Taphrinomycotina Saccharomycotina Pezizomycotina

Question 86

What subphylum contains the genus Pneumocystis formerly classified under kingdom Protozoa?

Answer 86

Taphrinomycotina

Question 87

What subphylum contains the class Saccharomycetes belongs to order Saccharomycetales?

Answer 87

saccharomycotina

Question 88

what subphylum contains two classes: Eurotiomycetes and the Sordariomycetes?

Answer 88

Pezizomycotina

Question 89

This class of the phylum Ascomycota is characterized by vegetative yeast cells which proliferate by budding or fission.

Answer 89

Class saccharomycetes

Question 90

This class of the phylum Ascomycota do not produce ascomata

Answer 90

Class Saccharomycetes

Question 91

true/false The ascus being formed in the Class Saccharomycetes is by direct transformation of a budding vegetative cell either through "mother-bud" conjugation or by conjugation between two independent singe cells.

Answer 91

true

Question 92

This is a class of the phylum Ascomycota wherein sexual reproduction leads to the formation of ascomata containing asci with ascospores.

Answer 92

Class Eurotiomycetes

Question 93

Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes: This contains teleomorph of the dermatophytes and numbers of dimorphic system pathogens ie., H. capsulatum and B. dermatitidis.

Answer 93

Onygenales

Question 94

Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes: This includes teleomorphs of anamorphic genera ie., Aspergillus and Penicillium.

Answer 94

Eurotiales

Question 95

Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes: This contains the teleomorphs of the anamorphic genus Fusarium.

Answer 95

Hypocreales

Question 96

Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes: Five orders that are teleomorphs of melanized fungi

Answer 96

Capnodiales Chaetothyriales Microascales Pleosporales Ophiostomatales