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Mycology > Basic Concepts in Mycology > Flashcards

Basic Concepts in Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the greek word “mykes” mean?

A

Fungus

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2
Q

the study of fungi encompassing environmental impact, genetic and biochemical properties.

A

Mycology

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3
Q

There are about ___ to ____ new species are described each year.

A

1,000 to 1,500

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4
Q

the study of fungi, its impact and relationship to human disease.

A

Medical Mycology

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5
Q

True/false

From the named species, fewer than 500 have commonly been associated with human and zoonotic diseases, and no more than 50 causes opportunistic infections.

A

True

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6
Q

True/False

One of the importance of learning mycology is the increasing number of rare environmental molds implicated as opportunistic pathogens capable of producing serious diseases among debilitated or immunocompromised hosts.

A

False

rare –> ubiquitous (present everywhere)

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7
Q

True/false

fungal infection is often mistaken as a bacterial infection.

A

true

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8
Q

the asexual form of a fungus

A

anamorph

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9
Q

A specialized conidiogenous cell from which a succession of spores is produced and which has a column of apical scars at its tip.

A

Annellide

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10
Q

ability of a fungus to use a specific carbon or nitrogen source for growth.

A

Assimilation

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11
Q

it indicates “without cross-walls or septa.”

A

Aseptate

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12
Q

the process of conidia formation.

A

Conidiogenesis

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13
Q

One basic method of conidiogenesis in which an existing hyphal cell is converted into one or more conidia

A

thallic

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14
Q

One basic method of conidiogenesis in which conidia are produced as a result of some form of budding process

A

blastic

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15
Q

An asexual (mitosis only) propagule that forms on the side or the end of the hypha or conidiophore.

A

conidium

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16
Q

True/False

A conidium is always borne externally, ie., enclosed in a saclike structure such as sporangium.

A

False

NOT ENCLOSED

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17
Q

Type of conidia that are small and usually singled cell

A

microconidia

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18
Q

Type of conidia that are usually segmented into two or more cels

A

Macroconidia

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19
Q

It indicates “darkly pigmented”

A

Dematiaceous

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20
Q

ability of a fungus to utilize a specific carbohydrate in the presence of other organic compounds, resulting in the production of gas.

A

fermentation

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21
Q

true/false

All carbohydrates fermented by a fungus are also assimilated, and many compounds that are assimilated are also fermented.

A

false

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22
Q

This indicates that the carbohydrate has been assimilated

A

Acid production (color change)

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23
Q

colonies with a cotton-like texture.

A

floccose

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24
Q

term used to describe spores with a spindle-like shape.

A

fusiform

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25
Q

colonies with wax-like texture.

A

Glabrous

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26
Q

a self-sterile fungus; sexual reproduction cannot take place unless two compatible mating strains are present.

A

heterothallic

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27
Q

a self-compatible fungus; sexual reproduction can take place within an individual strain.
Hyaline: colorless, transparent, transluscent.

A

homothallic

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28
Q

one of the individual filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.

A

hypha

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29
Q

a filamentous fungus.

A

Mold

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30
Q

it means hyaline or lightly colored.

A

Moniliaceous

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31
Q

a mass of branching filaments which make up the vegetative growth of a fungus.

A

Mycelium

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32
Q

a cell with several nuclei.

A

Oligokaryotic

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33
Q

it means having few septa.

A

Pauciseptate

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34
Q

a chain of yeast cells which have arisen as a result of budding and have elongated without becoming detached from each other, forming a hypha-like filament.

A

pseudohypha

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35
Q

True/false

Unlike a true hypha, the connection between adjacent pseudohyphal cells shows cross walls.

A

False

shows MARKED CONSTRICTION

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36
Q

a short branching hypha that resembles a root.

A

RHIZOID

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37
Q

it means having cross-walls or septa.

A

Septate

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38
Q

a monophyletic clade of species with equivalent clinical relevance.

A

Species complex

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39
Q

a specialized hypha upon which a sporangium develops.

A

Sporangiophore

40
Q

term used to describe the development of a single conidium at successive sites along a lengthening conidiogenous cell.

A

Sympodial

41
Q

the sexual form of a fungus.

A

Teleomorph

42
Q

the vegetative growth of a fungus

A

Thallus

43
Q

a unicellular, budding fungus.

A

Yeast

44
Q

What time period when fungi were used as an antiseptic and anesthesia due to the “magical & spiritual” properties.

A

35,000 BC

45
Q

what time period when people were convinced that association with fungi will entail the formation of diseases. People believed that fungi were “the work of the devil”.

A

middle ages

46
Q

what time period when people believed fungi were plants with no fruit nor seed.

A

Renaissance period

47
Q

Birth of the 1st mycological studies.

A

18th Century

48
Q

founder of modern mycological studies.

A

Pier Anton Micheli

49
Q

Time period when mycology was separated from botany.

A

18th century

50
Q

time period when fungi were recognized as a potential causative agents of diseases that are usually fatal in nature

A

mid-20th century

51
Q

Branch of science that deals with systematic biological classification of all living organisms

A

Taxonomy

52
Q

Taxonomy is divided three disciplines:

A

classification, identification, and nomenclature

53
Q

what breakthrough concept was developed in 2011 that recommended the discontinuation of the dual nomenclature system?

A

“One fungus, One name”

54
Q

When did the system of permitting separate anamorph and teleomorph names end?

A

January 1, 2013

55
Q

Father of Taxonomy

A

Carl Von Linne

56
Q

Proposed 2 kingdoms: animalia and plantae

A

Carl Von Linne (1753)

57
Q

introduced an additional classification scheme

3 kingdom: animalia, plantae, and protista

A

Emil Haeckel (1866)

58
Q

introduced the five kingdom scheme

5 kingdoms: animalia, protista, plantae, mycetea, monera

A

robert whittacker (1949)

59
Q

introduced the domain system

3 domains: eukarya, bacteria, and archaea

A

carl woose (1977)

60
Q

introduced 7 kingdoms

7 kingdoms: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, chromista, plantae, fungi, and animalia

A

cavalier-smith (2015)

61
Q

it is the orderly arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups on the basis of similarity.

A

classification

62
Q

this pertains whether a defined organism is classified as Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic.

A

Cell type

63
Q

discusses whether an organism is a unicellular or multicellular

A

Level of cellular organization

64
Q

Eukaryotes are divided into five monophyletic lineages or supergroups:

A

SAR (one clade consists of three groups viz., Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria)

Archaeplastida

Excavata

Amoebozoa

Opisthokonta — True fungi

65
Q

organisms that are not fungi sensu strictu that share fungal-like morphological features with the true fungi.

A

parafungi or pseudofungi

66
Q

Another term for fungi-imperfecti

A

Form-division deuteromycota

67
Q

fungi that reproduce asexual type only (sporogenesis)

A

Fungi imperfecti

68
Q

Seven phyla that constitute true fungi:

A

Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Blastocladiomycota
Chytridiomycota
Glomeromycota (formerly Zygomycota)
Microsporidia
Neocallimastigomycota

69
Q

These two phyla are classified as asubkingdom dikarya

A

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

70
Q

2 subphylum of glomeromycota

A

Subphylum mucormycotina and entomophthoromycotina

71
Q

What order is under the subphylum mucormycotina

A

Mucorales

72
Q

Under the order mucorales, what are the 4 genera?

A

Lichtheimia (absidia)

Mucor

Rhizomucor

Rhizopus

73
Q

What order is under the subphylum entomophthoromycotina?

A

entomophthorales

74
Q

Under the order entomophthorales, what are the 2 genera?

A

basidiobolus and conidiobolus

75
Q

This is the labeling of the untis defined.

A

Nomenclature

76
Q

the process of determining whether an unknown belongs to one of the units defined in and labeled in.

A

Identification

77
Q

produced via sexual reproduction of a generative cell (basidium).

A

Basidiospores (haploid)

78
Q

3 genera of the phylum basidiomycota:

A

Cryptococcus
Malassezia
Trichosporon

79
Q

Polyphyletic, belong to subphylum Agaricomycotina, class Tremellomycetes, and order Tremellales and(or) Filobasidiales

A

Cryptococcus

80
Q

Most filamentous basidiomycetes are _____ fungi or ____ plant pathogens.

A

wood-rotting; obligate

81
Q

TRUE/FALSE

sexual reproduction is variable, some produce spores like those of the Ascomytoca in the phylum basidiomycota

A

false

ASEXUAL

82
Q

what phylum contains ~50% of all named fungal species and accounts for ~80% of fungi of medical importance?

A

Phylum Ascomycota

83
Q

ascospores which are produced in a sac like structure called

A

ascus

84
Q

This structure contains numerous asci

A

ascocarps or ascomata

85
Q

Three subphylum under phylum ascomycota

A

Taphrinomycotina

Saccharomycotina

Pezizomycotina

86
Q

What subphylum contains the genus Pneumocystis formerly classified under kingdom Protozoa?

A

Taphrinomycotina

87
Q

What subphylum contains the class Saccharomycetes belongs to order Saccharomycetales?

A

saccharomycotina

88
Q

what subphylum contains two classes: Eurotiomycetes and the Sordariomycetes?

A

Pezizomycotina

89
Q

This class of the phylum Ascomycota is characterized by vegetative yeast cells which proliferate by budding or fission.

A

Class saccharomycetes

90
Q

This class of the phylum Ascomycota do not produce ascomata

A

Class Saccharomycetes

91
Q

true/false

The ascus being formed in the Class Saccharomycetes is by direct transformation of a budding vegetative cell either through “mother-bud” conjugation or by conjugation between two independent singe cells.

A

true

92
Q

This is a class of the phylum Ascomycota wherein sexual reproduction leads to the formation of ascomata containing asci with ascospores.

A

Class Eurotiomycetes

93
Q

Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes:

This contains teleomorph of the dermatophytes and numbers of dimorphic system pathogens ie., H. capsulatum and B. dermatitidis.

A

Onygenales

94
Q

Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes:

This includes teleomorphs of anamorphic genera ie., Aspergillus and Penicillium.

A

Eurotiales

95
Q

Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes:

This contains the teleomorphs of the anamorphic genus Fusarium.

A

Hypocreales

96
Q

Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes:

Five orders that are teleomorphs of melanized fungi

A

Capnodiales
Chaetothyriales
Microascales
Pleosporales
Ophiostomatales

Mycology (5 decks)

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