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Basic Concepts in Mycology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

basic structural unit consists of a chain of multinucleate, tubular, filament-like cells.

A

Hypha

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2
Q

Most multicellular fungi in their vegetative state, consists of a mass of branching hyphae called mycelium.

What is the other term for mycelium?

A

Thallus

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3
Q

Yes or No

does hypha have rigid cell wall?

A

Yes

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4
Q

the hyphae are divided into compartments or cells by the development of more or less frequent cross-walls, termed as

A

septa

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5
Q

What do you call a hyphae that has cross walls?

A

Septate hyphae

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6
Q

Fungi that exists in the form of microscopic multicellular mycelium are commonly referred to as

A

Mold

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7
Q

This is a type of fungi that exists in the form of independent single cells propagate by budding out similar cells from their surface.

A

unicellular fungi

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8
Q

A fungi that came from the production of a chain of cells or described as loosely arrangement of budding cells

A

yeast

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9
Q

continued elongation of the parent cell before it buds out results in a chain of elongated cells, termed as

A

Pseudohypha

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10
Q

Medically important fungi that change their growth form as a part of the process of tissue invasion.

A

dimorphic fungi

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11
Q

This is a concept in which multicellular mold form in the natural environment transforms into a single-celled yeast form when invading tissues under the influence of temperature.

A

Thermal dimorphism.

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12
Q

Temperature of multicellular mold form in the natural environment.

A

25 - 30 C

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13
Q

Temperature of single-celled yeast form in the tissues.

A

35 - 37 C

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14
Q

3 examples of dimorphic fungi:

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Sporothrix schenckii

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15
Q

Part of the fungi that is rigid, mostly composed of polysaccharides, proteins and glycoproteins.

A

Cell wall

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16
Q

Percentage of polysaccharides, proteins and glycoproteins in the cell wall?

A

polysaccharides: 90%
proteins and glycoproteins: 10%

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17
Q

What are the polysaccharide present in the fungal cell wall?

A

chitin, glucan, chitosan, galactosan, and mannan

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18
Q

Chitin is the glycoproteins in various combinations.
Chitin: the major carbohydrate consist of repeating monomers of ___ which provides shape and protection from osmotic lysis (unaffected by some antibiotics)

A

N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG)

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19
Q

What are the functions of the fungal cell wall?

A

Barrier between fungal cell and its external environment.

Binding site for some enzymes

Possesses antigenic properties which allow interaction with other organisms

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20
Q

Part of the fungal cell that is composed of structurally arranged phospholipids in two-layered configuration scattered randomly.

A

cell membrane

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21
Q

major component of the cell membrane that regulates solute intake and secretion (transport system) through selective permeability and serves as the target of antifungal drugs like Nystatin.

A

Ergosterol

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22
Q

Part of the fungal cell that is an external coating located outside or covering the cell wall and found only in certain fungi.

A

Capsule

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23
Q

The capsule is composed of __

A

amorphous polysaccharide

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24
Q

Part of the fungal cell that contributes to its virulence factor

A

Capsule

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25
nutritional type of fungi
chemoheterotrophic
26
fungi is similar to plants but differ in:
they lack chlorophyll
27
true/false Fungi are capable of growing on living organic matter but not on dead organic matter.
false they are also able to grow in dead organic matter (saprophytic)
28
Fungi are usually nonmotile except for:
Phylum Chytridiomycota and species of Rhizopidium
29
true/false fungi are mostly aerobic and some are facultative anaerobic
true
30
What pathway is used in lysine syntehsis?
alpha-aminodiphate pathway
31
It describes the propagules that result form an asexual process (mitosis only) and generally short-lived propagules.
Conidium
32
This is produced from the fusion of two compatible nuclei followed by meiosis.
Spores
33
In some cases, spores are produced in millions in macroscopic “fruiting bodies” such as
Mushrooms
34
Fungi vs Bacteria In terms of cell wall:
Fungi: polysaccharides (i.e. chitin, glucan, mannan, galactosan, and chitosan) Bacteria: polysaccharide and peptidoglycan
35
Fungi vs Bacteria in terms of cell membrane:
Fungi: ergosterol Bacteria: no sterols except ureaplasma and mycoplasma
36
Fungi vs Bacteria in terms of nucleus:
fungi: small, bound by nuclear membrane bacteria: nucleoid, no nuclear membrane
37
Fungi vs Bacteria in terms of chromosome:
fungi: linear bacteria: circular
38
Fungi vs Bacteria in terms of ribosomes:
fungi: 80s bacteria: 70s
39
Fungi vs Bacteria in terms of lysine synthesis:
fungi: alpha-aminodiphate pathway bacteria: DAP (diaminopimelate pathway)
40
true or false yeasts are able to assimilate sugars and nitrate, and ferment sugars
true
41
identification of yeasts relies on the combination of:
morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics
42
what does (MALDI-TOF)2 mean?
matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry
43
Macroscopic characteristics of fungi observed:
colonial form, surface color (obverse) pigmentation, reverse pigmentation, and growth rate.
44
Factors that influence the colonial form:
Culture medium Incubation temperature Age of culture Amount of inoculum
45
true/false Sporulation is important in speciation, hence it is important to select culture conditions which favor sporulation
true
46
true/false Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) promotes over production of mycelium which results in retrieval of sporulation
false LOSS of sporulation
47
what should you use to stimulate sporulation?
low-nutrient medium
48
Yeast cells multiply via asexual reproduction known as
budding
49
stages of budding
1. bud emergence 2. protuberance 3. elongation
50
Macroscopic description of the obverse pigmentation of mold cells include:
white to cream, bright or light gray to brown
51
Macroscopic description of the reverse pigmentation of mold cells include
non pigmented, to yellow, orange, or red
52
Colonies in yeast cells may appear:
white opaque, pasty to creamy to mucoid (encapsulated)
53
at what temperature do yeast cells grow at?
35-37 C
54
true/false septate hyphae that are nearly parallel to one another with dichotomous branching at right angles
false ACUTE angles
55
It results form nuclear division within a cell without division in the cytoplasm.
Coenocytic hyphae
56
characterized by multiple projections in a hypha resembling an old comb hyphae appearance
Pectinate
57
marked by hyphae with club-shaped cells, in which the layer end of one cell being attached to the smaller end of an adjacent
Racquet
58
the hypha forming a coiled or corkscrew like turns
Spiral
59
terminal hyphae branches that are irregular, broad and antler-like in appearance
Favic Chandelier
60
this is specified by a round knot-like structure formed by intertwined hyphae and seen among dermatophytes.
Nodular
61
It produces root-like structure along the vegetative hyphae especially observed among Zygomycetes
rhizoids
62
produces root-like structure along the vegetative hyphae especially observed among Zygomycetes
Dematiaceous
63
This type of hyphal growth forms filamentous (fuzzy) colonies
apical elongation
64
A type of apical elongation that happens when mycelium buried down the culture medium for water exchange and nutrient absorption.
vegetative
65
A type of apical elongation that projects on the surface of the medium, with reproductive structures known as spores which can be sexual or asexual.
aerial
66
Review process of apical elongation!
IREVIEW MO SABE!
67
This plays an important role in organizing (regulating) hyphal growth and is found behind hyphal tip (apex).
SPITZENKORPER
68
A type of hyphal growth that is triggered by stems for the sub apical accumulation of wall precursors (presumable vesicles) reaching critical concentrations.
Lateral elongation
69
the ability of some fungi to grow into two (2) forms, specifically yeast and mold forms in which it is dependent on temperature.
Fungal dimorphism
70
Yeast vs Mold in terms of temperature:
yeast: 35-37 C mold: 25-30 C
71
Yeast vs Mold in terms of growth:
yeast: in vivo mold: in vitro
72
Yeast vs Mold in terms of form:
yeast: pathogenic mold: infective
73
This type of fungal reproduction requires the formation of special clusters for fertilization and nuclear fission.
Sexual reproduction
74
sex organ, gametes (sex cells) and either monoecious and dioecious.
Gametangium
75
true or false Sexual spores are developed as a result of a primary nuclear fusion with increase in chromosome number during their formation. Germinates and forms hyphae and mycelium.
FALSE REDUCTION IN CHROMOSOME
76
Type of sexual production that produces 2-8 spores within an ascus
Ascospores
77
This type of sexual reproduction produces 2-4 spores on the surface of a club-shaped called basidium
basidiospores
78
This is a type of sexual reproduction that happens when two sporangiosphores sexually fuse to form a large thick-walled bodies
zygospores
79
This contains zygospores along a nonseptate hyphae
Zygosporangium
80
A type of sexual reproduction that is produced from a fusion of 2 non-identical hyphae
oospores
81
These are referred terms used when there is a merging of nuclear material or genes combined.
Sporulation and spores
82
A type of fungal reproduction that is formed by budding, no fusion of nuclei takes place in the formation of spore.
asexual reproduction
83
true/false Through asexual reproduction, unicellular cells form mycelium and produce filamentous colony while multicellular cells do not form mycelium and often produce pasty type of colonies.
false baliktad!
84
enlarged, dome-shaped tip of a sporangiophore that extends into the sporangium
Columella
85
s prefix meaning dark (brownish or blackish)
pheo
86
a subcutaneous or systemic disease caused by a variety of black fungi that develop in tissue or dark hyphae and(or) yeast-like cells
Paeohyphomycosis
87
cut off sharply; ending abruptly with a flattened edge.
truncate
88
A type of asexual reproduction where spores contained in sporangia or sacs are produced terminally
Sporangiospores
89
Specialized stalk which bears the sporangia
Sporangiophore
90
A type of asexual reproduction that results from the transformation of a vegetative yeast or specialized hypha called conidiophores.
Mitospores (Conidiospores)
91
Mitospores are observed among:
ascomycetes and deuteromycetes
92
Sporangiospores are observed among
zygomycetes and rhizopus
93
A type of mitospore formed from a budding process or blowing out along the mycelium or from another blastospore.
blastospore
94
A type of mitospore formed by fragmentation (segmentation) or disarticulation of hyphae (mycelium) which results to cutting of rectangular thick-walled spore
arthrospores
95
A type of mitospore that is formed by budding from a pseudohypha
Chlamydospores
96
A thick-walled resting spores either within (intercallary) the segments; hyphal sides (sessile), or hyphal tip (terminal)
Chlamydospores
97
A type of asexual reproduction that are highly developed conidiophores
Phialospores
98
A type of asexual reproduction where it is seen as a vesicle, enlarged swollen cell often at the end of a conidiophore or sporangiophore and it bears conidia
phialospores
99
The conidiospores of this are formed usually at the sides of a hyphae and are usually in chains.
Phialospores
100
Ascomycetes vs Basidiomycetes vs Zygomycetes vs Deuteromycetes in terms of sexual spores
ascomycetes: ascospores basidiomycetes: basidiospore zygomycetes: zygospores deuteromycetes: none
101
Ascomycetes vs Basidiomycetes vs Zygomycetes vs Deuteromycetes in terms of asexual spores
ascomycetes: any conidiospore basidiomycetes: conidiospore zygomycetes: conidiospores deuteromycetes: conidia
102
Ascomycetes vs Basidiomycetes vs Zygomycetes vs Deuteromycetes in terms of hyphae
ascomycetes: septate basidiomycetes: septate zygomycetes: coenocytic deuteromycetes: septate
103
A type of fungi that is capable of reproduction both sexual and asexual
perfect fungi
104
What are the perfect fungi? a. ascomycetes b. basidiomycetes c. zygomycetes d. deuteromycetes
A, B, C deuteromycetes is an imperfect fungi
105
A type of infection where it does snot penetrate tissues and infect only the outer skin layer
superficial
106
A type of infection where it does not penetrate tissues but can cause inflammation, and infect the skin, hair, and nails (keratinized areas)
Cutaneous
107
A type of infection where it penetrates tissues, is transmitted via traumatic inoculation, and infects the connective tissues, muscles, and bones
subcutaneous
108
A type of infection where it is thermal (dimorphic and infects all the body system
systemic
109
A type of infection where it infects the immunocompromised individual at any part
opportunistic

Mycology (5 decks)

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