Basic Hematological Methods of Examination, Quality Assurance Program, Collection of Blood, and Anticoagulant Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Basic screening test and is one of the most frequently ordered laboratory procedure.
A
Complete Blood Count
2
Q
RBC Parameters
A
RBC Count
HGB
HCT
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW
RETIC
3
Q
Platelets Parameters
A
PLT Count
MPV
4
Q
WBC Parameters
A
WBC Count
NEUT Count: % and absolute
LYMPH Count: % and absolute
MONO Count: % and absolute
EO and BASO Count: % and absolute
5
Q
The main component of erythrocytes, serves as the vehicle for the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
A
Hemoglobin
6
Q
Serves as an important buffer in the
extracellular fluid.
A
Hemoglobin
7
Q
Measurement of the concentration of Hgb in the blood
A
Hemoglobin Determination
8
Q
Used to screen for disease associated with anemia and to evaluate polycythemia
A
Hemoglobin Determination
9
Q
Hemoglobin Determination is used to screen for disease associated with _____ and to evaluate _____
A
Anemia
Polycythemia
10
Q
The ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the volume of whole blood.
A
Hematocrit
11
Q
Hematocrit is also called _____
A
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
12
Q
Hct test is part of the _____
A
CBC
13
Q
This test indirectly measures the RBC mass
A
Hct Test
14
Q
Hematocrit Determination results are expressed as the _____
A
Percentage by volume of packed RBCs in the whole blood
15
Q
Hematocrit Determination is an important measurement in the determination of _____ or _____
A
Anemia
Polycythemia
16
Q
Blood test used to find out how many RBCs
A
RBC Count
17
Q
RBC Count is also known as _____
A
Erythrocyte Count
18
Q
RBC Count is important because RBCs contain _____ which carries oxygen to your body tissues
A
Hgb
19
Q
The RBC Count is reported in:
A
Cells per microliter (μL, mcL, also called cubic millimeter, mm3)
Milliliter (mL, also called cubic centimeter, or cc)
Liter (L)
20
Q
Increased RBC indicates _____
A
Polycythemia Vera
21
Q
Decreased RBC indicates _____
A
Anemia
22
Q
WBCs may be counted visually using a _____ and _____
A
Microscope
Hemacytometer
23
Q
WBC Count technique is the same as RBC Count, but the typical dilution is _____, and the diluent is a _____
A
1:20
Dilute Acid Solution
24
Q
Serves as a useful guide to the severity of the disease process.
A
WBC Count
25
WBC Count is also known as the _____
Leukocyte Count
26
A test that measures the number of WBC
WBC Count
27
A WBC Count detects _____
Hidden Infections
28
Percentage of each type of WBC
Differential Count
29
Differential Count can detect _____ and _____
Immature WBC and abnormalities
30
Neutrophils Differential Count detects _____
Pyogenic Infection
31
Eosinophils Differential Count detects _____
Allergic Disorder
Parasitic Infestation
32
Basophils Differential Count detects _____
Parasitic Infection
33
Lymphocytes Differential Count detects _____
Viral Infection
34
Monocytes Differential Count detects _____
Severe Infection by Phagocytosis
35
Use to assess the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow
Reticulocyte Count
36
Reticulocyte Count uses what type of specimen?
Whole blood, anticoagulated with EDTA
37
In Reticulocyte Count, the whole blood, anticoagulated with EDTA is stained with a _____
Supravital Stain
38
Example of Supravital Stain
New Methylene Blue
Brilliant Cresyl Blue
Pure Azure Blue
39
Rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of one hour.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
40
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate is the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of _____
One hour
41
Common Hematology test and nonspecific measure of inflammation
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
42
One of the oldest Hematology tests that detects inflammation and roughly estimates its intensity
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
43
The Osmotic Fragility Test uses _____ to detect Spherocytes in heridetary Spherocytosis or Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Graduated Concentration of Saline Solutions
44
These are RBCs with proportionally reduced surface membrane area
Spherocytes
45
The Osmotic Fragility Test uses graduated concentrations of saline solutions to detect _____ in heridetary Spherocytosis or Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Spherocytes
46
The Osmotic Fragility Test uses graduated concentrations of saline solutions to detect Spherocytes in _____ or _____
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
47
Phenotypically detects an inherited RBC enzyme deficiency causing severe episodic hemolytic anemia
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Assay
48
The Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Assay phenotypically detects an inherited RBC enzyme deficiency causing _____
Severe Episodic Hemolytic Anemia
49
The Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Assay most commonly affects:
Male individuals of African, Mediterranean, and Asian Descent
50
Used to detect and diagnose sickle cell anemia and other inherited qualitative hemoglobin abnormalities and thalassemia's
Sickle Cell Solubility Screening Assay and its follow-up Tests
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
51
The sum of all those activities in which the laboratory is engaged to ensure that information generated by the laboratory is correct.
Quality Assessment
52
The real purpose of Quality Assessment Program is to _____
Determine how correct/incorrect the result is
53
What are the 3 Major Activities under Quality Assessment Program?
Preventive
Assessment
Corrective
54
Activities done in prior to the examination of the specimen or sample that is intended to establish system conducive to accuracy testing.
Preventive
55
Activities done during testing to determine whether the test systems are performing correctly.
Assessment
56
Done when error is detected to correct the system.
Corrective
57
An example of Corrective Major Activity under the Quality Assessment Program is _____
Recalibration of the instrument/machine
58
Quality Assessment in Hematology Laboratory:
- Intended to ensure the reliability of the laboratory test.
- Objective is to achieve precision and accuracy.
59
The closeness to the estimated value to the true mean.
Accuracy
60
The reproducibility of a result, whether accurate or inaccurate.
Precision
61
In Skin Puncture, the blood sample collected is called _____
Peripheral Blood
62
In Skin Puncture, the blood sample is a mixture of _____, _____, and _____ with _____ and _____
Capillary Blood
Venous Blood
Arterial Blood
Interstitial Fluid
Intracellular Fluid
63
Sites of Skin Puncture: (Specific)
Finger (Middle or Ring Finger)
Earlobe
Lateral portion of the Plantar Surface of the Heel/Toe
64
Why Earlobe is possible to be a site of Skin Puncture?
Less nerve ending
Less pain
Less tissue
65
If the patient if less than 1 year old, what is the preferred site for Skin Puncture?
Lateral portion of the Plantar Surface of the Heel/Toe
66
Method of Skin Puncture: (Specific)
Heel Stick Procedure
Finger Puncture (3rd or 4th Finger of the non-dominant Hand)
Earlobe Puncture (Detects abnormalities in WBC and Histiocytes)
67
Sites to avoid in Skin Puncture:
* Inflamed and pallor areas
* Cold and cyanotic areas
* Congested and edematous areas
* Scarred and heavily calloused areas
68
Order of Draw for Skin Puncture:
1. Tube for blood glass analysis
2. Slides, unless made from specimen in the EDTA microcollection
3. EDTA microcollection tube
4. Other microcollection tubes with anticoagulant
5. Serum microcollection tubes
69
Manner of inserting a needle attached to a syringe to a palpable vein to collect blood for laboratory testing
Venipuncture
70
The blood sample collected in the Venipuncture process is _____
Venous Blood
71
3 Factors involved in a Good Venupuncture
Phlebotomist
Patient and his/her vein
The equipment needed
72
The preferred angle insertion for a routine venipuncture?
30 degrees
73
In the Venipuncture process, the needle should be (bevel up or bevel down)?
Bevel up
74
Preferred length of needle for a Venipuncture
1 to 1.5 inches
75
Time of tourniquet for the Venipuncture process
1 minute
76
Blood pressure cuff for the Venipuncture process
40 to 60 mmHg
77
Number of attempts in a Venipuncture process
Maximum of 2 attempts only
78
Order of Draw for Venipuncture:
* Blood culture (yellow stopper)
* Coagulation tube (blue)
* Serum tubes with or without activator (red)
* Heparin (green)
* EDTA (lavender)
* Sodium fluoride tube with or without
EDTA or oxalate (gray)
79
Methods of Collection for Venipuncture:
1. Syringe Method
2. Evacuated Tube System Method (ETS Method)
3. Winged Blood Collection Set (Butterfly Method)
80
Sites of Venipuncture for newborn infants up to 18 months old:
External Jugular Vein
Temporal Vein or Scalp Vein
Superior Longitudinal Sinus
81
Sites of Venipuncture for older children (18 months to 3 years old):
Femoral Vein
Long Saphenous Vein
Popliteal Vein
Ankle Vein
82
Sites of Venipuncture for 3 years old to adult life:
Wrist Vein
Dorsal Vein of the Hand
Dorsal Vein of the Ankle
83
Two patterns of Vein:
"H" Pattern
"M" Pattern
84
Veins included in the "H" Pattern in the Antecubital Fossa
Median Cubital Vein
Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
85
Veins included in the "M" Pattern in the Antecubital Fossa
Median
Accessory Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
86
Most commonly used Anticoagulant in Hematology
Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA)
87
Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid is also known as ______ or _____
Versene
Sequestrene
88
Mode of Action of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA)
Bind to non-ionized form of Calcium then chelates Calcium
89
3 Forms of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA)
Dipotassium Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid
Disodium Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid
Tripotassium Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid
90
In the 3 Forms of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA), this is the most preferred.
Dipotassium Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid
91
Tripotassium Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid recommended amount:
1.2 mg/dl of Blood
92
The Tripotassium Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) is used for:
CBC
ESR
Platelet Count
PBS
93
Advantages of using Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA):
1. Preserve cellular morphology when smears are prepared within 2 hours
2. Prevent platelet aggregation
3. Prevents artefact formation even on long standing
4. Cell count, HbF, blood grouping, and electrophoresis
5. Has a few toxic effects
94
Disadvantages of using Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA):
1. After 6 hours: Inc MCV, Inc OFT, Decreased ESR
2. Causes decrease PCV
3. Not suitable for coagulation studies
95
An anticoagulant that is most common and preferred anticoagulant for coagulation studies
Citrate
96
Mode of Action of Citrate:
Bind Calcium
97
Anticoagulant buffer of Citrate:
3.8%/0.109 M Na Citrate
98
What is the color of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) stopper?
Lavender
99
What is the color of Citrate stopper?
Light blue top
100
Concentration of Citrate if used for Westergren Method of ESR
1 part of 3.8 % Disodium or Trisodium Citrate and 4 parts blood
101
Concentration of Citrate if used for Coagulation Testing such as PTT and APTT Test
1 part of 3.8 % (.109 M) of 3.2 % (.109 M) aqueous solution Disodium Citrate or Trisodium Citrate and 9 parts of blood
102
Advantages of Citrate Blood Collection Tube:
1. For blood transfusion because citrate is less toxic.
2. Trisodium Citrate is used for blood coagulation and platelet function test.
3. Buffered citrate is now commonly used because it helps stabilize plasma pH. Buffered citrate is prepared by adding citric acid to Na citrate. Buffered citrate will increase stability of Factor V and VIII.
4. For investigation of clotting disorders. No known disadvantage because it has specific use.
103
A blood collection tube that is most commonly used for Osmotic Fragility Testing and Immunotyping
Heparin
104
Heparin is most commonly used for _____ and _____
Osmotic Fragility Testing
Immunotyping
105
Mode of Action of Heparin
Bind Thrombin
106
What are the 2 Forms of Heparin?
Litium Heparin
Sodium Heparin
107
What is the color of stopper in Heparin Tubes?
Green
108
Uses of Heparin Blood Collection Tube:
RBC Count
Haemoglobin
Hematocrit
ESR and OFT
Electrolytes
109
Disadvantages of using Heparin Tubes:
1. Not recommended for coagulation studies because it affects all stages of blood coagulation
2. Not for WBC
3. Not recommended for blood smear preparation
4. Most expensive
110
What is the color of stopper in Oxalates Blood Collection tube?
Gray
111
Mode of Action in Oxalates Tube
Binds Calcium
112
Recommended concentration of Oxalates
1-2 mg/ml of blood
113
3 Forms of Oxalate:
Double Oxalate
Lithium Oxalate
Sodium Oxalate
114
Double Oxalate is also known as _____
Paul Heller
115
Salts of Ammonium and Potassium
Double Oxalate
116
When Double Oxalate is used separately:
Ammonium Oxalate - RBC Swells
Potassium Oxalate - RBC Shrinks
117
Double Oxalate or Paul Heller is also known as _____
Balance Oxalate
118
Uses of Double Oxalate or Paul Heller:
All RBC Evaluation Tests since there is no effect on RBC
119
Disadvantages of Double Oxalate or Paul Heller:
1. Not recommended for blood transfusions
2. Causes agglutination or clumping of WBCs and platelets
3. Not recommended for peripheral blood smear preparation
120
The preferred angle insertion for a donor bleeding venipuncture?
45 degrees
