Hematopoesis Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
This is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production that includes cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.
A
Hematopoesis
2
Q
Hematopoesis is the continuous, regulated process of blood cell production that includes _____, _____, _____, and _____
A
Cell Renewal
Proliferation
Differentiation
Maturation
3
Q
This stage begins around the 19th day of embryonic development after fertilization.
A
Mesoblastic Phase
4
Q
Mesoblastic Phase is also known as _____ or _____
A
Primitive Hematopoesis
Yolk Sac Phase
5
Q
It is the first recognizable cell.
A
Erythroblast or the Primitive Erythrocytes
6
Q
It is the chief site in the Mesoblastic Phase.
A
Yolk Sac
7
Q
These are Embreyonic Hemoglobin found in Mesoblastic Stage:
A
Gower-1
Gower-2
Portland
8
Q
Globin Chain Combination of Gower-1:
A
2 epsilon
2 zeta
9
Q
Globin Chain Combination of Gower-2:
A
2 alpha
2 epsilon
10
Q
Globin Chain Combination of Portland:
A
2 zeta
2 gamma
11
Q
This phase begins at 5 to 7 gestational weeks.
A
Hepatic Phase
12
Q
Hepatic Phase is also known as _____.
A
Definitive Hematopoesis
13
Q
True or False
The Hepatic Phase have Embryonic Hemoglobin.
A
False
The Hepatic Phase does not have Embryonic Hemoglobin.
14
Q
It is the chief site under the Hepatic Phase
A
Liver
15
Q
When was the Hepatic Phase Starts and End?
A
Start: 11 weeks of age of gestation
End: 6th month of age of gestation
16
Q
Organs that contribute to the Hematopoeitic Process under the Hepatic Stage:
A
Developing Spleen
Developing Kidney
Developing Thymus
Developing Lymph nodes
17
Q
This is the first fully developed organ in the fetus.
A
Thymus
18
Q
It is the major site of T Cell Production.
A
Thymus
19
Q
Organs that produce B Cells:
A
Kidney
Spleen
20
Q
What Hemoglobin are present in the Hepatic Phase?
A
Hemoglobin F
Hemoglobin A
21
Q
Globin Chain Combination of Hemoglobin F:
A
2 alpha
2 gamma
22
Q
Globin Chain Combination of Hemoglobin A:
A
2 alpha
2 beta
23
Q
Globin Chain Combination of Hemoglobin A2:
A
2 alpha
2 delta
24
Q
This phase begins on the 5th month of fetal development.
A
Medullary (Myeloid) Phase
25
Myeloid-to-Erythroid Ratio:
3:1
26
Chief site of the Medullary (Myeloid) Phase:
Bone Marrow
27
In adults, Hematopoetic tissue is located in the:
Bone Marrow
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Liver
Thymus
28
What can be detected under the Medullary (Myeloid) Phase?
Erythropoeitin (EPO)
G-CSF
GM-CSF
Hemoglobin F
Hemoglobin A
29
The bone marrow contains developing _____, _____, _____, and _____.
Erythroid Cells
Myeloid Cells
Megakaryocytic Cells
Lymphoid Cells
30
Lymphoid development occurs in _____ and _____.
Primary Lymphoid Tissue
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue
31
Identify based on the given information:
- Bone Marrow
- Where the Thymus, T, and B Lymphocytes are derived
Primary Lymphoid Tissue
32
Identify based on the given information:
- Where Lymphoid Cells respond to foreign antigen, consists of Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue
33
Fill in the blanks:
In the Postnatal Development, the Hematopoeitic Tissue is involved in the _____ and _____ of blood cells.
Proliferation
Maturation
34
Organs involved in the Postnatal Development:
Bone Marrow
Liver
Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Thymus
35
Largest organs in the body.
Bone Marrow
36
Major function of the Bone Marrow:
Proliferation and Production of blood cells.
37
Two Major Components of the Bone Marrow:
Red Marrow
Yellow Marrow
38
Hematopoietically active marrow consisting of the developing blood cells and their progenitors (flat bones of the skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs ,vertebrae and pelvis).
Red Marrow
39
4 Main Functions of the Red Bone Marrow:
Production of blood cells
Destruction of erythrocytes
Iron storage (from Hb breakdown)
Central organ for B Lymphocyte development
40
Hematopoietically inactive marrow composed primarily of adipocytes and (fat cells), with undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophages.
Yellow Marrow
41
The process replacing the Yellow Marrow by the Red Marrow.
Reprogression
42
Reprogression happens during:
Injury
Profuse bleeding
43
When does the Yellow Marrow become abundant?
During 5 to 7 years of age
44
Plays an important role in stem cell differentiation and proliferation.
Hematopoetic Microenvironment
45
It is responsible for supplying semifluid matrix (stroma) that serves as an anchor for the developing hematopoietic cells.
Hematopoetic Microenvironment
46
Composition of Stroma:
1. Endothelial Cells
2. Adipocytes
3. Macrophages
4. Osteoblasts
5. Osteoclasts
6. Reticular Cells
47
Regulate the flow of particles entering and leaving hematopoietic spaces.
Endothelial Cells
48
Secrete various steroids that influence erythropoiesis and maintain bone integrity and regulates the volume of marrow.
Adipocytes
49
Function in phagocytosis and secretion of various cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis.
Macrophages
50
These are bone-forming cells – water bug or comet appearance (plasma cell).
Osteoblasts
51
Bone resorbing cells or destroying cells.
Osteoclasts
52
Supports the vascular sinuses and hematopoietic cells.
Reticular Cells (Fibroblasts)
53
Composition of Extracellular Matrix of Bone Marrow:
1. Proteoglycans/Glycoaminoglycans
2. Fibronectin
3. Collagen
4. Laminin
5. Hemonectin
6. Thrombospondin
54
It is the major site of blood cell production during the second trimester of fetal development.
Liver
55
Functions of the Liver:
1. Protein synthesis and degradation, coagulation factor synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
2. Drug and toxin clearance
3. Iron recycling and storage
4. Hemoglobin degredation
5. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals
56
The largest lymphoid organ in the body.
Spleen
57
Location of the Spleen:
Located directly beneath the diaphragm behind the fundus of the stomach in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen.
58
True or False
Spleen is vital but not essential for life.
True
Spleen is vital but not essential for life.
59
Functions of Spleen:
1. Indiscriminate filter of the circulating blood
2. Serves as a storage site for platelets
60
3 Regions of the Spleen:
White Pulp
Red Pulp
Marginal Zone
61
Identify based on the provided information:
Consists of scattered follicles with germinal centers containing lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
White Pulp
62
Identify based on the provided information:
Composed primarily of vascular sinusoids and sinuses separated.
Red Pulp
63
Identify based on the provided information:
Surrounds the white pulp and forms a reticular meshwork containing blood vessels, macrophages, and specialized B cells.
Marginal Zone
64
Two methods for removing senescent or abnormal RBCs from the circulation:
Culling
Pitting
65
Identify based on the provided information:
Cells are phagocytized with subsequent degradation of cell organelles.
Culling
66
Identify based on the provided information:
Splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from the circulating RBCs.
Pitting
67
Functions of the Lymph Nodes:
1. Play a role on the formation of new lymphocytes from germinal centers
2. Involved in the processing of specific Ig
3. Involved in the filtration of particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the Lymph Node via Lymph
68
Regions of the Lymph Nodes:
1. Cortex
2. Medulla
3. Paracortex
69
Identify based on the given information:
- Outer region
- Contains follicles of B Cells
- Proliferation termed germinal centers
Cortex
70
Identify based on the given information:
- Inner region
- Consists primarily of lymphocytes and plasma cells
Medulla
71
Identify based on the given information:
- Region between the cortex and the medulla
- Contain predominantly T Cells and numerous macrophage
Paracortex
72
An organ that originates from endodermal and mesenchymal tissues.
Thymus
73
Populated initially by lymphocytes from the yolk sac and the liver.
Thymus
74
An efficient, well-developed organ at birth that consist of two lobules each measuring 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter.
Thymus
75
The organ responsible in the conditioning of T
Lymphocytes.
Thymus
76
3 Possible Activities of the Hematopoetic Stem Cells:
1. Self-renewal
2. Differentiation
3. Apoptosis
77
It is the programmed cell death. A normal physiologic process that eliminates unwanted, abnormal, or harmful cells.
Apoptosis
78
Stem Cell Theories:
1. Monophyletic Theory
2. Polyphyletic Theory
79
Suggests that all blood cells derived from a single progenitor stem cell called PLURIPOTENT HSC.
Monophylectic Theory
80
Fill in the blank:
Monophylectic Theory suggests that all blood cells derived from a single progenitor stem cell called _____.
Pluripotent HSC
81
Suggests that each of the blood cell lineage is derived from its own unique stem cell.
Polyphyletic Theory
82
3 Main Hematopoetic Growth Factors:
1. Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
2. Erythropoetin (EPO)
3. Thrombopoetin (TPO)
83
A pan myeloid growth factor that stimulates granu, - mono, megakaryocyte, and eosinophil progenitors.
GM-CSF
84
Source of GM-CSF:
Fibroblast, T Cells, and Endothelial Cells
85
Stimulates granulocytes production and functional activation.
G-CSF
86
Source of G-CSF:
Monocytes and Fibroblast
87
Stimulates monocytes and macrophages production activity.
M-CSF
88
Source of M-CSF:
Monocytes, Fibroblast, and Endothelial Cells
89
The source of this growth factor are Monocyte, Fibroblast, and Megakaryocytes.
Meg-CSF
90
Stimulates proliferation, growth, and differentiation of erythroid precursors and may have minor effects on megakaryocytes.
Erythropoetin (EPO)
91
Target Cells of Erythropoetin (EPO) are:
Pronormoblast
CFU-Erythroid Cells
92
Source of Erythropoetin (EPO):
Kidney
93
Stimulus of Erythropoetin (EPO):
Tissue Hypoxia
94
Regulates production platelets.
Thrombopoeitin (TPO)
95
Source of Thrombopoeitin (TPO):
Liver
96
The entry of mature blood cells into the intravascular space relies upon:
1. Multiplication of developing cells
2. Gradual maturation
3. Orderly release of cell from bone marrow
97
A group of specific glycoproteins called growth factors that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells.
Cytokines
98
Cytokines includes:
Interleukins
Lymphokines
Monokines
Interferons
Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
Chemokines
99
Positive Influence of Cytokines:
IL-1
IL-3
IL-6
IL-9
IL-11
GM-CSE
Kit Ligand
100
Negative Influence of Cytokines:
1. Transforming Growth Factor-β
2. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
3. Interferons
