Basic Science Flashcards by Gillian Bayley

Changes associated with aging cartilage

Less chondrocytes, large chondrocytes
less water
less proteoglycan
less chondroitin sulphate
more keratin sulphate
increased elasticity

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Changes associated with OA in cartilage

Increased water
increased collagen, becomes disorganzied
increased proteoglycan turnover, decreased amount
decreased elasticity
increased lytic enzymes

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Types of lubrication: elastohydrodynamic

deformation of cartilage with thin lining

principle mode of lubrication

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types of lubrication: Boundry

nondeformable surface with only partial separation

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types of lubrication: Boosted

lubrication pools

higher coefficient of friction

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hydrodynamic lubrication

fluid separation

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Weeping

fluids shifts toward load baring surfaces

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Collagen 1

bone
skin
tendon
anulus
meniscus

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Collagen 2

articular cartilage

nucleus pulposus

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Collagen 3

Skin

Blood vessels

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Collagen 4

Basement memebrane

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What is titanium biologically inert

forms a stable oxide coating

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Protein responsible for chemo resistance

P-gylcoprotein

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Bacterostastic agent used in ortho

clindamycin

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How to determine the number of aneuploid cell in a malignant tumor

flow cytometry

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Number one contributor to backside volumetric wear

motion

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Function of carbonic anhydrase

resorb bone at the ruffled border

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structure of proteoglycans

multiple glycosaminoglycans bound to core protein, bound to hyaluronate via link protein

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Greatest proportion of mechanoreceptors in the meniscus

posterior horn

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Affect of scurvey on bone

decreased chondroitin sulphate
loss of type I collagen
deficient metaphysis
wide growth plate junction (white line of frankyl)
weak metaphyseal bone with spurs
ringed epiphysies

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anisotropic material

different strain when loading different directions

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cephalosporin action

inhibit cell wall synthesis

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Quinolone action

inhibit DNA gyrase

cipro

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Aminoglycan action

inhibit protein synthesis

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Rifampin action

inhibits RNA synthesis

viscoelastic material

different rates of loading

strength of early physis growth

node of ranvier

greatest tensile strength applied with bending force

periosteal membrane

Function of nitrogen containing bisphosphonates

bind to HA to prevent protein prenylation | aldendronate, risendronate

Function of non-nitrogen containing bisphophonates

replace the terminal phosphate of ATP leading to apoptosis of the osteoclast

Most important hormone for peak bone mass

estrogen

Elastic properties of ligaments

toe region - high deformation, low force Linear region - slippage of the collagen can occur Failure region

PTH signalling molecule

adenylate cyclase

apportionment

degree of disability that several injuries will cause

Which layer of the hypertrophic zone is most suseptible to injury

zone of provisional calcification

most common reason for liability

which chemical is used to activate PRP prior to centrifugation

calcium chloride

yeild strength

when a substance undergoes plastic deformation

sclerotome of the somites forms

axial skeleton

SOX-9 is the master switch of what lineage

chondrocytes

Rituximab targets which interluekin

CD20

which molecule released during surgery promotes DVT

thromboplastin

RF targets

IgG

virchows triad

endothelial injury venous stasis hypercoagulability

what gives cartilage it's strength

high water content incompressability of water structural organization of proteoglycan and water

proteoglycan with hydrophilic behaviour

aggrecan

superficial cartilage

parallel collagen sparse proteoglycans cartliage cell precursors

intermediate cartilage

random collagen | abundant proteoglycans

deep cartilage

perpedicular collagen | most amount of proteoglycans

initiator of PMMA

Benzoyl peroxide

Bisophosphonate reduction of vertebral fracture

60% in one year | 40% in the next 3 years

cbaf1/runx2

osteoblast differentiation

component of bone most responsible for compressive strength

proteoglycans

component of bone most responsible for tensile strength

collagen

Ca and Vit D recommendations

``` Age 1-3yrs - 500mg/d Age 4-8yrs - 800mg/d Age 9-18yrs - 1000 to 1500mg/d Age >50 yrs- 1200 to 1500 mg/d calcium 800-1,000 IUs Vit. D ```

finite element analysis

breaking up a complex geometric form to understand it better

mechanisms of anticoagulants

``` warfarin - vit K, needed for gamma-carboxylation Heparin - antithrombin Fondaparineu - indirect Xa rivaroxiban - direct Xa dabigatron - direct thrombin ```

Function of transexamic acid

inhibit bleeding | activates plasminogen with competative binding to lysine site

effect size

magnitude of difference between control and experiement group

t2, 13

rhabomyosarcoma

X, 18

synovial sarcoma

11, 22

ewings

12, 16

mxyoid liposarcoma

9, 22

chondrosarcoma

epigenetics

changes in heritable characteristics that do not invovle DNA mutation

transgenes

artifically introduced

how do osteocytes communicate

canniculi