Basics of Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacokinetic

Answer 1

that studies the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drug

Question 2

pharmatherapeutics

Answer 2

an area of pharmacology that refers to the use of specific drug that is used to prevent, diagnose, and treat a disease

Question 3

pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

what the drug does to the body and the mechanism in which the drug does it

Question 4

toxicology

Answer 4

harmful effects to the body

Question 5

chemical name

Answer 5

name based on chemical compound

Question 6

generic name

Answer 6

name based on chemical name
“non-proprietary name”
shorter than chemical name

Question 7

trade name

Answer 7

name used by companies to sell

Question 8

generic name and trade names
- acetaminophen
- diazepam
- levodopa
- phenobarbital

Answer 8

• tylenol
• valium
• lerodopa
• luminal

Question 9

acetaminophen
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know

Answer 9

• tylenol
• purpose: headaches, aches, pain, fever
• DOES NOT treat inflammation
• avoid if heavy alcohol consumption

Question 10

aspirin
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know (warnings)

Answer 10

• bayer
• purpose: inflammation, headaches, pain, aches
• GI Bleeding warning to old people. heavy alcohol users, ppl with ULCER disease
• do not use as first choice

Question 11

ibuprofen
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know

Answer 11

• advil
  purpose: headache, ache, pain, inflammation
• NAUSEA
• GI bleed

Question 12

naxopren
- trade name
- purpose
- what to know

Answer 12

aleve
- purpose
-purpose: headache, ache, pain, inflammation
- GI bleed and nausea, NO for ppl with kidney disease

Question 13

drug approval PRECLINICAL
- population
- span
- purpose

Answer 13

**preclinical
- population: animals :(
- span: less than a year
- purpose: determine drug effects and safety

Question 14

drug approval process Phase 1
- population
- span
- purpose

Answer 14

• clinical
• population: small number of healthy people (10-100)
• span: less than a year
• purpose: pharmacokinetics, safe dosage, determine effects

Question 15

Phase II drug approval process
- population
- span
- purpose

Answer 15

• population: small number of ppl with targeted disease (50-100)
• span: 2 years
• purpose: effectiveness of dosage

Question 16

Phase III

Answer 16

• population: larger number of ppl with target
• span: 3 years
• purpose: SAFETY and efficacy in larger population

Question 17

Phase IV: NDA

Answer 17

• population: general public
• span: indefinite
• purpose: monitor any problems that may arise

Question 18

Orphan Drugs

Answer 18

drugs provisioned by the FDA for people with rare diseases

Question 19

Off label prescribing

Answer 19

prescribing drug for not its intended use

Question 20

schedule 1 drugs

Answer 20

most likely to be abused
ex. heroine and LSD

Question 21

schedule 5 drugs

Answer 21

least like to be abused
ex. diarrhea meds haha

Question 22

threshold dose

Answer 22

response begins to occur at a dose

Question 23

ceiling dose

Answer 23

plateau in dose effect

Question 24

potency

Answer 24

related to the dose that produces a given response in specific amplitude
* does guarantee drugs therapeutic potential, less potent drug may be more efficient

Question 25

quantal-dose response curve

Answer 25

percentage of the population that responds in a specific way that is measured relatively close to the dosage

Question 26

median effective dose (ED50)

Answer 26

dosage at which 50% of population responds in a specific manner (beneficial effect)

Question 27

median toxic dose (TD50)

Answer 27

dose at which 50% of population exhibit adverse effects

Question 28

therapeutic index (TI)

Answer 28

TI= TD50 / ED50 higher TI means safer (takes a higher dose to show toxic effects?) indicator of drug safety

Question 29

drug class: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor suffix: desired effects:

Answer 29

suffix: - pril desired effect: hypertension, congestive heart failure,

Question 30

angio-tensin II receptor blockers suffix: desired effects:

Answer 30

suffix: -sartan desired effects: hypertension, congestive heart failure,

Question 31

beta blockers suffix: desired effects:

Answer 31

suffix: - olol desired effects: arrhythmia, anti-anginal, congestive heart failure

Question 32

calcium channel blockers suffix: desired effects:

Answer 32

suffix: -ipine desired effects: antihypertensive, antianginal

Question 33

routes of administration detail ENTERAL

Answer 33

- buccal & sublinguial - oral - rectal *has to be lipid soluble

Question 33

HMG-CoA reductase channels suffix: desired effects:

Answer 33

- statin hyperlipidemia

Question 34

what is first pass effect?

Answer 34

drug is transported to the liver and significantly metabolized, so its destroyed b4 making any theraperutic effect

Question 35

Parenteral

Answer 35

- inhalation - topical - transdermal - injection

Question 36

bioavailability

Answer 36

the extent to which the drug reaches systemic circulation

Question 37

passive diffussion

Answer 37

no expenditure in energy, membrane must be permeable drug must be lipid soluble

Question 38

main way of drug diffusion?

Answer 38

diffusing into and then out of the other side of cell

Question 39

active transport

Answer 39

- ATP - carrier specific

Question 40

facilitated diffusion

Answer 40

assisting protein is present, but no ATP use has features of diffusion and active transport

Question 41

factors affecting drug distribution **think**

Answer 41

1. tissue permeability 2. blood flow 3. binding to plasma proteins 4. binding to other subcellular components

Question 42

Volume of Distribution (Vd)

Answer 42

ratio of drug administered to concentration of drug in plasma

Question 43

drug storage site

Answer 43

1. adipose tissue 2. bone 3. muscle 4. organs

Question 44

Drug metabolism by the liver and other organs typically creates a more ____ compound, thus enabling the compound to be ____ when it reaches the nephrons in the kidney.

Answer 44

polar; excreted

Question 45

biotransformation

Answer 45

chemically altering og compound so its no longer active (metabolite)

Question 46

enzyme induction

Answer 46

prolonged use of certain drugs induce body to adjust and enzymatically destroy drug more rapidly

Question 47

clearance

Answer 47

to calculate drug elimination rates, blood flow to an organ and the fraction of drug removed from the plasma it passes through the organ

Question 48

half-life

Answer 48

time required to excrete 50% of drug out of the body

Question 49

AGONIST

Answer 49

a drug that can bind to a receptor and initiate a change

Question 50

antagonist

Answer 50

only has affinity for receptor but no efficacy!

Question 51

competitive antagonist

Answer 51

vie for receptors against agonist

Question 52

noncompetitive antagonist

Answer 52

permanent, form strong essentially bonds to receptors they (Agonists) cannot compete #period

Question 53

partial agonists

Answer 53

do not evoke a maximal response compared to strong agonist