endocringe and metabolic system 1

Question 1

5 functions of the endocrine system are

Answer 1

1. coordination of female and male reproductive system
2. sequential growth during childhood and adolescence
3. maintain optimal internal environment during lifespan
4. initiation of corrective responses in emergency moments
5. differentiation of CNS and endocrine system and as a fetus

Question 2

endocrine system and CNS maintain

Answer 2

homeostasis by sending hormonal messages via bloodstream

Question 3

hypothalumus

Answer 3

controls function through neural controls, hormonal pathways, & negative feedback systems

Question 4

GH [ant. lobe]

Answer 4

stimulates growth and cell reproduction

Question 5

TSH [ant lobe]

Answer 5

stimulates T3 & T4 secretion activity

Question 6

FSH

Answer 6

promotes ovarian follicle growth
secrete estrogen
maturation of sperm

Question 7

Luteinizing hormone

Answer 7

PROMOTES ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, progesterone, testosterone

Question 8

prolactin

Answer 8

MAINTAINS corpus luteum and progesterone secretion
-stimulates milk production

Question 9

ACTH

Answer 9

stimulates secretory activity
- synthesis of corticosteroids

Question 10

is adipose tissue and endocrine gland

Answer 10

yes, its an endocrine gland
controls metabolism, hunger, vasoconstriction
ex. leptin, adiponectin

Question 11

lipotropin

Answer 11

breaks down fat
stimulates melanin production

Question 12

melanocyte

Answer 12

produces melanin in skin

Question 13

ADH

Answer 13

water retention in kidney tubules, releases ACTH

Question 14

oxytocin

Answer 14

stimulates contraction
regulates circadian rhythm

Question 15

neurocrine theory of aging

Answer 15

suggest that cells are only supposed to live for a period of time [menopause]

Question 16

musculoskeletal signs of endocrine

Answer 16

muscle [atrophy, weakness, myalgia]
rheumatoid

Question 17

common finding in people with endocrine disease

Answer 17

carpal tunnel, bilateral

Question 18

hyperpituitarism [ant lobe disorder]

Answer 18

acromegaly: excessive secretion of growth hormone

Question 19

thyroid gland primary hormones secreted

Answer 19

t3 + t4
calcitonin

Question 20

t3 + t4 do:

calcitonin does

Answer 20

increase protein synthesis and regulate metabolic rate
calcitonin: weak Ca2+ effect, keeps phosphorus balance in body

Question 21

thyroid gland is regulated by

Answer 21

hypothalumus and pituitary intrinsic controls

Question 22

hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

an elevation in body metabolism

Question 23

graves disease

Answer 23

• increased T4 production
• antibodies react against thyroid membrane, resulting in thyroid gland enlargement & excess of TSH

Question 24

graves disease clinical manifestations

Answer 24

• goiter, expalthamos

Question 25

hypothyroidism types

Answer 25

slowed body metabolism type 1: hormone deficient type 2: hormone resistant

Question 26

type I hypothyroidism

Answer 26

- hormone T4 deficiency - elevated TSH level - results in increase of serum cholesterol

Question 27

type II hypothyroidism

Answer 27

- hormone resistant - pituitary gland cannot synthesize TSH

Question 28

hypothyroidism clinical manifestations

Answer 28

myxedema: boggy edema - more prone to skin breakdown, needs careful monitoring of skin breakdown

Question 29

anatomical abnormalities

Answer 29

- goiter: hyperthyroidism - thyroiditis: hypothyroidism -

Question 30

parathyroid glands

Answer 30

two glands @ each of posterior surface of thyroids, these glands secrete PTH

Question 31

PTH regulates

Answer 31

calcium and phosphorus

Question 32

parathyroid hormone

Answer 32

essential for Ca2+ and phosphorus metabolism and calcification of bone - bone demineralization - absorption from kidney for Ca2+ - absorption of Ca 2+ from GI tract

Question 33

how does PTH regulate phosphorus and calcium?

Answer 33

- resorption of calcium and phosphate from the bone - absorption of Ca 2+ and excretion of phosphorus of kidneys - absorption of Ca2+ from kidney s

Question 34

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 34

- increase bone resorption - elevated calcium levels - decrease in phosphate levels

Question 35

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 35

- decrease bone resorption - decrease calcium levels - increase phosphorus levels -

Question 36

primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 36

- one or more parathyroid enlarge - relationship between Ca2+ and PTH secretion

Question 37

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 37

- glands are hyperplastic - renal failures

Question 38

tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 38

- exclusively in dialysis - becomes unresponsive to serum calcium levels

Question 39

PTH

Answer 39

maintain normal calcium levels by increasing bone resorption and absorption of calcium in GI **not regulated by pit gland and hypothalomus

Question 40

adrenal glands located @ 2 parts:

Answer 40

upper part of each kidney 2 parts: inner medulla & outer cortex

Question 41

outer cortex hormones

Answer 41

- mineralcorticoids [aldosterone]: regulate fluid and mineral balance -glucocorticoids [cortisol]: metabolism of glucose - androgen: sex hormone

Question 42

adrenal medulla

Answer 42

epinephrine + norepinephrine vasoconstriction in both

Question 43

disorders of adrenal glands

Answer 43

1. primary adrenal insufficiency [addison disease] 2. secondary adrenal insufficiency 3. adrenocortical hyperfunction [cushing and cons]

Question 44

addisons

Answer 44

decreased production of corticoid and aldosterone * decreased serum cortisol

Question 45

hallmark of addisons disease

Answer 45

decreased serum cortisol

Question 46

insufficient cortisol release leads to [primary adrenal insufficiency]

Answer 46

hypoglycemia and liver glycogen deficiency

Question 47

secondary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 47

only corticoid deficiency as a results of suppression of ACTH

Question 48

adrenocortical hyperfunction types

Answer 48

cushing and conn syndrome

Question 49

cushing syndrome

Answer 49

glucocorticoid syndrome - excess of cortisol in body happens bc of hyperfunction of adrenal gland, excess of ACTH and corticosteroid

Question 50

Conn syndrome

Answer 50

primary cause: aldosteronoma, sodium resorption by kidneys

Question 51

cushing syndrome

Answer 51

hypercortisolism from adrenal gland oversecretion

Question 52

cushing disease

Answer 52

hypercortisolism from ACTH

Question 53

pseudo-cushing syndrome

Answer 53

occurs when conditions such as depression, alcoholism

Question 54

Which region of the brain is the main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, controls the function of endocrine organs by neural and hormonal pathways?

Answer 54

hypothalumus

Question 55

Which of the following tissues can be classified as an endocrine gland?

Answer 55

adipose tissue

Question 56

In response to the hypothalamus, the posterior pituitary secretes

Answer 56

oxytocin and ADH

Question 57

What is the basic action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Answer 57

Stimulates secretory activity and synthesis of corticosteroids in adrenal cortex

Question 58

The primary hormones produced by the thyroid are

Answer 58

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

Question 59

Which of the following hormone’s basic action is calcium and phosphorus metabolism, construct bone, and reduce serum calcium?

Answer 59

calcitonin

Question 60

Which of the following disorders creates a generalized elevation of body metabolism, the effects of which are manifested in almost every system?

Answer 60

hyperthyroidism

Question 61

Myxedema is the clinical manifestation of

Answer 61

hypothyroidism

Question 62

Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder caused by overactivity of one or more of the four parathyroid glands that

Answer 62

disrupts calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism

Question 63

Which of the following medical diagnosis occurs because of a disorder within the adrenal gland itself, with insufficient cortisol release from the adrenal glands causing a wide range of problems?

Answer 63

Addison disease

Question 64

Hypercortisolism resulting from adrenal gland oversecretion or from hyperphysiologic doses of corticosteroid medications is called .

Answer 64

Cushing syndrome

Question 65

Which of the following medical diagnosis occurs when an adrenal lesion results in hypersecretion of aldosterone, the most powerful of the mineralocorticoids?

Answer 65

Conn syndrome

Question 66

Which of the following is the characteristic of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 66

Decreased bone resorption

Question 67

Which of the following hormones is essential to norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and other physiologic phenomena necessary for survival under stress?

Answer 67

cortisol

Question 68

What is the hallmark of Addison disease?

Answer 68

decreased serum cortisol levels