the immune system 1 E2

Question 1

what is the immune system comprised of?

Answer 1

1) innate immune system
2) adaptive immune system
3) combination of both system

Question 2

innate immune system type of cells

Answer 2

monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells

Question 3

adaptive immune system type of cells

Answer 3

B cells, T cells

Question 4

list the hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 4

• neutrophils
• monocytes and macrophages
• eosinophils
• basophils and mast cells
• erythrocytes + thrombocytes
• lymphocytes (B + T lymphocytes)

Question 5

neutrophils
- classification
- function

Answer 5

• classified as phagocytes and granulocytes
• during acute inflammation they:
  1) increase in #s
  2) first to arrive to scene
  3) are a VIP in defense against pus-forming bacteria

Question 6

what cells are granulocytes [cells with smol protein granules]?

Answer 6

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

Question 7

Monocytes + macrophages

• monocyte structure and origin
• function

Answer 7

• bilobed nucleus that originates from the bone marrow
• against infection and inflammation, monocytes migrate into tissues —> turn into macrophages
• macrophages clean after neutrophils, kill any damaged [not dead] bacteria, aged RBCs, dead neutrophils

Question 8

Eosinophils
type of cell
function

Answer 8

• granulocyte cell that releases
  ——-histamine (vasodilation)
  ——-heparin (anticoagulant)
  ——-cytokines (anti-inflammatory)
• release during allergic reactions, surround pathogens that r too big for macrophages and neutrophils

Question 9

basophils and mast cells

type of cell?
function?

Answer 9

basophils - granulocytes involved in allergic reactions

mast cells- have granules that contain histamine [vasodilation], involved in allergic responses, anaphylaxis, wound healing

function: increase blood supply by recruiting more phagocytes

Question 10

erythrocytes and thrombocytes
type of cells
function

Answer 10

Erythrocyte: RBCs
Thrombocytes: platelet

• movement and removal of antigens, antibodies, and parts of complement system
• platelets: thrombosis and hemostasis

Question 11

lymphocytes [b & t cells]
- B lymphocytes: maturation site and function

• T lymphocytes: maturation site and function

Answer 11

B lymphocytes
- mature in the bone marrow.
- produce antibodies to neutralize invading pathogens

T cells
- Produced in the bone marrow.
- Mature in the thymus.
- Two types
1. Helper T cells
2. Cytotoxic T cells

Question 12

Natural Killer Cells
-maturation site
- function

Answer 12

• maturation site blood and spleen
• function: kill the cells infected with viruses, microbe-infected cells, tumor cells

Question 13

how to natural killer cells kill?
[4 steps]

Answer 13

1) localize infected tissue in response to cytokine’s inflammatory response
2) release cytotoxic granules that create pores and activate death cascade
3) release more cytokines to hire macrophages
4) start adaptive immunity

Question 14

phagocytes function and types*

Answer 14

• function: swallow pathogens and kill to protect against infection types
  1) neutrophils : granulocytes
  - lifespan: 2-3 days
  2) monocytes: non-granulocytes
  - lifespan: months or years
• if phagocytic leukocytes decrease u are vulnerable to infections [radiotherapy and chemotherapy]

Question 15

antigen

Answer 15

An antigen is a molecule or foreign substance that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor, triggering an immune response in the body.

Question 16

major histocompatibility complex

Answer 16

a group of genes that encode proteins on the surface of cells that are crucial for the immune system to recognize “self” from “non-self” by presenting antigens to T cells

Question 17

who are the antigen presenting cells?
who do they present them to?
what class?

Answer 17

1) macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
2) present them to T cells (CD4+)
3) MHC class 2

Question 18

MHC Class I *

Answer 18

can be recognized by cytotoxic C8+ cells

Question 19

MHC Class II *

Answer 19

can be recognized by helper T cells CD4+

Question 20

first line of defense is composed of

Answer 20

1) innate immunity
2) external defenses
3) internal defenses

Question 21

innate immunity
is part of what line of defense?
function?

Answer 21

part of first line of defense
▪ Capable of resolving most threats.
▪ Comprised of early host defense mechanisms

Question 22

external defenses
is part of what line of defense?
function?

Answer 22

▪ Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that provide protection against invaders.
▪ Skin, mucus, peristalsis, coughing, sneezing, stomach acid, cerumen, tears, saliva.

Question 23

internal defenses are part of?
composed of?

Answer 23

• first line of defense
  ▪ Soluble factors (complement system, cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins)
  ▪ Cellular components (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells)

Question 24

Second Line of Defense:

Answer 24

• vasodilation to increase blood flow for diapedesis
• plasma protein system [clotting, complement, kinin systems]

Question 25

Immunoglobulins -

Answer 25

antibodies produced by B cells

Question 26

IgM

Answer 26

first to be excreted predominantly in initial response

Question 27

IgG

Answer 27

major antibacterial and antiviral in blood, in secondary defense

Question 28

IgA

Answer 28

protectant of external surfaces, in serums and secretions

Question 29

IgE

Answer 29

low levels of blood, found during allergic reactions, have high affinity to mast cells and basophils

Question 30

IgD

Answer 30

low levels of blood, serve as a antigen receptor in B cells

Question 31

Cell Mediated Immunity function

Answer 31

destruction of microbes that were able to survive in infected cells

Question 32

cell mediated immunity responsibility

Answer 32

responsible for rejection of transplanted tissue and autoimmune deficiency

Question 33

immunologic memory * what cells help with this

Answer 33

basis for vaccination *memory T cells differentiate into effectors (CD8+ cells) that can respond more rapidly with heightened immune responses

Question 34

cell mediated immunity type of cells

Answer 34

1. helper T cells 2. cytotoxic T lymphocytes 3. regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 35

regulatory T lymphocyte function

Answer 35

prevent inappropriate responses against self antigens of the host

Question 36

humoral immunity

Answer 36

1. antibodies secreted by B cells present in body fluids, effective against free floating organisms 2. B cell development

Question 37

Which of the following are large granular lymphocyte cells that do not express antigen-specific receptors?

Answer 37

natural killer cells

Question 38

Which of the following membrane proteins function to present antigenic peptides for recognition by T cells?

Answer 38

Major histocompatibility complex molecules

Question 39

What type of immunity used by the body adapts to recognize, eliminate, and establish long-term memory against a threat?

Answer 39

Acquired immunity

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of active artificial acquired immunity?

Answer 40

vaccination

Question 41

Which of the following cells live the longest?

Answer 41

monocytes

Question 42

Which immunoglobulin is the predominant immunoglobulin on mucus membrane surfaces and is found in secretions such as saliva, breast milk, urine, and tears?

Answer 42

IgA

Question 43

What type of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule combines fragments of proteins that have been phagocytized, pinocytosed, or endocytosed from the extracellular environment?

Answer 43

MHC class II

Question 44

Which of the following is not involved in the humoral immune response?

Answer 44

urine

Question 45

Which of the following is TRUE for antibodies?

Answer 45

The fragment antigen-binding (Fab fragment) is the portion of an antibody that binds to antigens.

Question 46

Which of the following is called CD8+ T cells?

Answer 46

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Question 47

Which phase of the immune response is characterized by the removal of antigens by many different mechanisms?

Answer 47

Effector phase

Question 48

After intense exercise of long duration, the concentration of natural killer cells and natural cytolytic activity decline below preexercise values. Maximal reduction in natural killer cell concentrations and lower natural killer cell activity occur _____ hours after exercise.

Answer 48

2-4 hours

Question 49

When HIV enters the body, what cells serve as receptors for the HIV retrovirus, allowing direct passage of the infection into other target cells?

Answer 49

CD4 cells and macrophages

Question 50

At what stage will an individual with HIV disease develop Kaposi sarcoma?

Answer 50

Advanced HIV disease

Question 51

Which of the following is true when describing the factors affecting the immunocompromised person?

Answer 51

Reusable equipment can be one of the common reservoirs

Question 52

What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by a delayed response to the allergen?

Answer 52

Type IV (Cell-Mediated Immunity) Hypersensitivity

Question 53

What type of immunologic hypersensitivity would cause the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis?

Answer 53

Type I (IgE-mediated or Immediate Type) Hypersensitivity

Question 54

Which of following is true for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Answer 54

Mild symptoms can be managed with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to relieve muscle and joint pain while reducing tissue inflammation

Question 55

Which of the following is the avenue for HIV transmission?

Answer 55

All the above

Question 56

CD4+ T cells produce different cytokines that modulate the immune system and help it to mount effective responses against foreign invaders. Which of the following is NOT the primary functions of CD4+ T cells?

Answer 56

produce antibody