infectious disease 1

Question 1

microbiology

Answer 1

The study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa

Question 1

infectious disease

Answer 1

natural systems are weakened or altered by ecologic stress

Question 2

WHY PT NEEDS TO STUDY INFECTIOUS DISEASES?

Answer 2

➢Prevent infection and control of transmission during PT service

Question 3

signs and symptoms of infectious diseases

Answer 3

• fever, chills, sweating, malaise, and nausea and vomiting
• increased # of leukocytes
• change in types of leukocytes

Question 4

leukocytosis

Answer 4

Elevated WBC count

Question 5

leukopenia

Answer 5

decreased WBC

Question 6

what is the most abundant WBC type

Answer 6

neutrophil

Question 7

fever

Answer 7

higher than 99.5 F
- hypothalamus is the temperature regulating center [pyrogens cause temp to rise]

Question 8

signs and symptoms of infectious disease

Answer 8

• Become tachypneic and confused
• Develop hypotension
• Abscess
• Rupture of the abscess and drainage into other tissues can spread the infection
• Rash with fever
• Red streaks (acute lymphangitis)
• Inflamed lymph nodes
• Joint effusion

Question 9

changes in cell-mediated or T cell function aging

Answer 9

• decrease in number of naive T cells
• increase in number of memory cells
• slower to respond and acquire strong stimulus

Question 10

aging - extrinsic factors that can lead to infection

Answer 10

• atrophic skin more easily damaged
• decreased cough and gag reflexes make it more difficult to control secretions
• decreased bronchiole elasticity
• denture associated infection

Question 11

define infection

Answer 11

an organism establishes a parasitic relationship with its host.

Question 12

pathogen probable outcome 1

Answer 12

Contaminate the body surface and be destroyed by first-line defenses such as intact skin or mucous membranes that prevent further invasion

Question 13

pathogen probable outcome 2

Answer 13

A sub-clinical infection may occur in which no apparent symptoms are evident other than an identifiable immune response of the host (antibodies levels increase)

Question 14

pathogen probable outcome 3

Answer 14

A clinically apparent infection in which the host-parasite interaction causes obvious injury and is accompanied by one or more clinical symptoms. This outcome is called infectious disease

Question 15

infectious disease

Answer 15

A clinically apparent infection in which the host-parasite interaction causes obvious injury and is accompanied by one or more clinical symptoms

Question 16

incubation period

Answer 16

The period between the pathogen entering the host and the
appearance of clinical symptoms.
- disease symptoms herald the end of the incubation peri

Question 17

latent infection

Answer 17

Occurs after a microorganism has replicated but remains dormant or inactive in the host, sometimes for years.

Question 18

period of communicability

Answer 18

host may harbor a pathogen in sufficient quantities to be shed at any time after latency and toward the end of the incubation period.

Question 19

chain of transmission

Answer 19

1. Pathogen or agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of exit
4. Mode of transmission
5. Portal of entry
6. Host Susceptibility

Question 20

pathogen - chain of infection

Answer 20

 The microorganism that has the capacity to cause disease
(arouse a pathologic response) in the host

Question 21

pathogenicity

Answer 21

The ability of the organism to induce disease, depends on the organism’s speed of reproduction in the host, the extent of damage it causes to tissues, and the strength of any toxin released by the pathogen

Question 22

Virulence

Answer 22

potency of the pathogen in producing severe disease and is measured by the case fatality rate (i.e., the number of people who die of the disease divided by the number of people who have the disease)

Question 23

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 23

They do not cause disease in people with intact host defense systems but can clearly cause devastating disease in people with severe defects in host defense mechanisms (e.g., hospitalized and immunocompromised clients

Question 24

Resoirvoir

Answer 24

An environment in which an organism can live and multiply ➢Animal, plant, soil, food, or other organic substance or combination of substances.

Question 25

a carrier maintains an environment that maintains..

Answer 25

growth, multiplication, and shedding of the parasite without exhibiting signs of disease (e.g., hepatitis)

Question 26

portal of exit

Answer 26

The place from which the parasite leaves the reservoir ➢Secretions and fluids (respiratory secretions, blood, vaginal secretions, semen, tears) ➢Excretions (urine and feces) ➢Open lesions ➢Exudates (pus from an open wound or ulcer) ➢HIV has more than one portal of exit

Question 27

modes of transmission

Answer 27

Contact transmission ➢Direct contact ➢Indirect contact  Inanimate and intermediate objects (fomite) o Telephone, sphygmomanometer, bedside rails, tray tables, countertops, and other items that come into direct contact with the infected person.

Question 28

airborne transmission

Answer 28

Small particles (less than 5 μm) that they are capable of floating on air currents within a room and remain suspended in the air for several hours ➢e.g., tuberculosis, chickenpox, rubeola measles

Question 29

vehicle transmission

Answer 29

➢Occurs when infectious organisms (e.g., salmonellosis) are transmitted through a common source (e.g., contaminated food, water, and intravenous [IV] fluid) to many potential susceptible hosts.

Question 30

droplet transmission

Answer 30

Larger particles (greater than 5 μm) than airborne particles. ➢They do not remain suspended in air but fall out within 3 feet of the source travel only a short distance (e.g., influenza) .

Question 31

Vector-borne transmission

Answer 31

Involves insects and/or animals that act as intermediaries between two or more hosts.

Question 32

portal of entry

Answer 32

A pathogen may enter a new host by ingestion (GI tract), inhalation (respiratory tract), or bites or injury of the skin. - Microbes commonly enter through contact with mucous membranes and, less frequently, transplacentally.

Question 33

health-care associated infection

Answer 33

The infections that develop in hospitalized persons or persons admitted to a health care facility that were not present before admission. ex. pneumonia, C diff

Question 34

HAI causes

Answer 34

The frequent use of invasive devices for monitoring or therapy.  The increased use of immunosuppressants and antibiotics.  More colonization and infection by multidrug-resistant organisms.  Greater debilitation and severity of illness of hospitalized clients who acquire these infections.  Lack of hand hygiene predispose people to such infections and superinfections ➢Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) ➢Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) ➢Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) ➢Surgical site infections (SSIs)

Question 35

prevention of HAI

Answer 35

***hand hygiene