Beef Flashcards
1
Q
greatest variable cost in beef production
A
feed
2
Q
5 main nutrients
A
energy, protein, minerals, vitamin, water
3
Q
large Canadian factor in feeding cattle
A
the cold
4
Q
types of forages (4)
A
pasture, hay, straw, silage
5
Q
what affects profitability (4)
A
feed cost, markets/prices, % calf crop, feed efficiency
6
Q
background
A
slow growth prior to finish
7
Q
stocker
A
young terminal animal background
8
Q
5 weight calf
A
500 lbs calf
9
Q
country with most beef animals
A
India
10
Q
biggest beef exporter
A
Brazil
11
Q
beef is a major Canadian export industry (T/F)
A
true
12
Q
how many countries does Canada export to
A
70
13
Q
largest stomach
A
rumen
14
Q
cattle are upcyclers:
A
upgrade of plants of little nutritional value to high quality protein
15
Q
Verified Beef Production Plus (VBP+)
A
animals raised in healthy safe manner
16
Q
segments of production system (4)
A
cow-calf, backgrounder/stocker, feedlot, packer
17
Q
5 enterprises in beef industry
A
cow-calf, backgrounders, replacements, hay, pasture
18
Q
extensive grazing systems
A
lower cost of production, reliance on large parcels of land, diets based on forage and crop residues
19
Q
top 2 beef provinces
A
Alberta, Sask
20
Q
average Canadian beef cow herd
A
69
21
Q
what tanked the number of beef cows and when
A
BSE in 2003
22
Q
backgrounder/stocker operations
A
manage weaned calves, confined feeding or grass
Purpose: distribute supply of cattle for finishing throughout the year
23
Q
Finishing operations
A
feedlots (confined feeding), diets mainly cereal grains
24
Q
“grassers”
A
animals raised on grass, very low ADG
25
province with most feedlots (finishes most cattle)
Alberta
26
within breed diversity should be __, across breeds diversity is __
low, high
27
how cattle breeds vary (5)
color, carcass quality, behavior, frame size, feed efficiency
28
dominant 5 breeds
Angus, Simmental, Hereford, Charolais, Limousin
29
Angus origin
Scotland
30
Hereford origin
England
31
Charolais origin
France
horns or polled
32
Limousin origin
France
red or black
horned or polled
33
Simmental origin
Switzerland
milk or meat
34
Gelbvieh origin
Germany
"yellow"
horned or polled
35
Dexter origin
Ireland
red or black
dwarfism
36
Braunvieh origin
Switzerland
aka Brown Swiss
"brown cow"
milk or meat
horned or polled
37
Galloway origin
Scotland
black
38
belted cow
beef = belted Galloway
dairy = Dutch Belted
39
Belgian Blue origin
solid/roan/white
double muscled
white heifer disease - also shorthorn
40
Pinzgauer origin
Austria
meat, milk, pulling
color sides/lineback
41
Speckle Park
Canada (Sask)
shorthorn/angus
white park pattern
42
Fullblood
born to animals that have only "breed" in ancestry
43
Purebred
Born to registered parents
44
Percentage animals
composites - graded up to some level
45
Straightbred
purebred but not registered
46
All Canadian beef receives a ___
grade
47
A, B, D & E grades
Youthful - A
No marbling - B
Cows - D
Bulls - E
48
Prime, AAA, AA, A grades
Prime - [best]
less marbling = lower grade
49
B1-B4 grade
devoid of marbling
50
D1-D4 grade
mature
51
E grade
masculinity
52
Yield grade (US) determined by: (4)
- amount of external fat
- amount of kidney, pelvic, heart fat
- area of the rib-eye muscle
- carcass weight
53
(USA) YG 1-5
yield grade 1 = best carcasses
based on % of carcass that is meat
54
Yield grade (Can) determinates
- rib-eye length
- rib-eye width
- fat depth on the rib-eye
55
(Can) YG 1-3
Canada 1: >59%
Canada 2: 54-58%
Canada 3: <53%
56
Camera grading
measures grade and lean meat %
57
dark cutting beef
2% of carcasses downgraded to B or lower (due to stress or horns)
- drop in glycogen and lactic acid
58
selling options of weaned calves
- sale barns (sell in groups thru action mart to feedlot)
- internet/video sales (DLMS, lower risk for producer)
- direct to feedlot
- retain ownership in feedlot and receive % price or total price and pay for feed/board (high risk)
59
Farm gate beef
rancher/farmer custom market for consumer
- consumer pays $/lb to rancher and cents/lb to butcher
60
grid pricing
packaging plants negotiate this
- premium paid to feedlot if % hits specified grade, if you don't make % feedlot gets paid __ cents/lbs less
61
packing plants pay on __ __
live weight
62
Branded beef
ranchers form cooperative to provide a specific type of beef to market
-ex) lean beef, certified angus
63
when are heifers bred
14-15 months
64
two options for bred heifers
raise or buy
65
CCIA based on three factors
- animal identification
- premise identification
- animal movement
66
RFID tags code:
individual ID
premise ID
cattle must have if leaving property
67
cow-calf economics focus on:
cost per pound weaned
68
Unit cost of production (UCOP)
cost per 100lbs calf weaned
(total cowherd costs) / (total lbs of calf weaned)
69
fertility traits are __ heritable
lowly
(conception rate, calving interval, fetal survival)
70
top 3 things to survival of calf till weaning
- colostrum at birth
- mothering ability
- milk quality
71
methods of preg checking and when (2)
ultrasound -> 30 days
rectal palpation -> 60 days
72
clean up bull
bulls released with cows 7-10 days after AI
73
idea scrotal circumference at 12 months
32 cm
74
Breeding soundness exam does not measure __
libido
75
bull puberty at
12-15 months
76
effects of temp on testicles
heat from too much fat: reduces sperm count
freeze ballsack in winter: damages stored sperm
77
bull : cow ratio
1 bull per 25-30 cows
1 yearling bull per 15-20 cows
less if in rough/large pasture
78
natural service conception rates
90-98%
79
AI conception rates
55-65%
80
heat detection methods (3)
- Gomer bull
- observation of mounting 2x/day
- visual aids (like patches)
81
breeding soundness exam evaluates: (4)
- physical condition
- reproductive structures
- scrotal circumference
- semen evaluation
82
adjusted calf weaning weights take into consideration: (4)
- sex
- dam's age
- age of calf
- twin vs. singleton
83
performance traits include __, __, & __, and are __ heritable
birth weight, weaning weight, post weaning weight, highly
84
carcass quality is __ heritable
moderately
85
problems with heifers vs. old cows
heifers: more problems calving
"old" cows: may abort more
86
longevity measured by
retention within herd
87
Bos taurus
all European breeds
88
Bos indicus
Zebu (Brahma breeds)
89
where do yak come from
Far East
90
pasture calving: when and advantages
calve in May, lines up lactation with prime grass nutrients
91
lowest to highest time of ADG (3)
Lowest: backgrounding
Middle: nursing on dam at pasture
Highest: finishing
92
how to meet beef demand year round
- different breeds = different finish times
- cattle left on grass longer (grasser operations)
- backgrounding programs
- fall calving
93
Finishing programs
fast growth before slaughter (last 90-150 days)
94
grass-finish vs. forage finish fat
grass = yellow
grain = white
95
risk of feedlot economics
- price margin (diff btwn buying and selling)
- feeding margin (cost of grain...)
96
types of branding
hot & freeze
97
Tattoo regulations
purebreds must be tattooed
letter = year of birth [L = 2023]
98
smooth polled
clean head, often peaked
99
double polled
both parents polled (trait is dominant so not homozygous)
100
methods of dehorning (3)
caustic paste, wire saw, heat cauterization
101
methods of castration (3)
surgical, elastrator ring, burdizzo
102
type of antibiotic not used in humans
ionophores
103
where are antibiotics banned vs controlled
Europe vs. Canada
104
hormones =
anabolic growth promoter
