Dairy Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
__ largest agri-food economy behind meat
A
2nd
2
Q
very __ industry in Sask
A
small
3
Q
number of dairy farms in Sask
A
150
4
Q
year SK Dairy Entry Assistance Program was initiated
A
2015
free quota
5
Q
where are most dairy farms in Sask
A
north of Saskatoon
6
Q
where is Sask processing plant
A
Saskatoon (Saputo)
7
Q
Biggest provinces in dairy production
A
Ontario + Quebec
8
Q
province increasing herd size the most
A
Sask
9
Q
why is there a 411% increase in size of Canadian dairy farms
A
technology
10
Q
T/F there is organic dairies in Sask
A
False
11
Q
Certification for Organic Dairy Production (CFIA) promises:
A
grown without pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, GMOs, growth hormones, antibiotics
12
Q
transition time to organic
A
3 years
13
Q
QC and ON process __% of industry products
A
75
14
Q
processing plants regulated by __ or __
A
CFIA or provincially
15
Q
2 major brands of dairy production
A
Saputo and Agropur
16
Q
milk &milk products consumption in Canada is __
A
decreasing because of nut milk
17
Q
What counties must Canada export dairy products to
A
USA and Mexico, want to limit exports
18
Q
intensive management systems
A
animals kept indoors
limited grazing sometimes
19
Q
tie stall barns
A
- cows kept tied
- milked in stall or released to go to parlor
- no freedom movement
- animal welfare concern
- cannot overstock amount of stalls
20
Q
free-stall barns
A
- cows are free to interact
- go to parlor for milking
- stalls for resting
- tend to overstock stalls by 20%
- fed in separate alley
21
Q
more tie stall or free stall barns in Canada?
A
tie stall (almost 75%)
22
Q
most common dairy breeds in Canada
A
Holstein (93%) and Jersey (4%)
23
Q
Holstein qualities
A
huge volume per day
24
Q
Jersey qualities
A
Originated from Channel of Jersey
high butterfat & protein content
25
over all breeds, __ in average production
INCREASE
- good genetics
- better nutrition
- disease control
26
what is milk production quota
license to sell milk to the provincial Milk Marketing Board (SaskMilk)
- aka supply management
27
what does quota do
limits imports/exports
supply = demand
ensure consistent, cheaper pricing
28
what is milk quota measured in
kg of butterfat
29
Total production quota (TPQ) components
fluid milk (class 1) + industrial milk (classes 2-5)
30
TPQ is allocated to
provinces who allocate further to producers
31
5 provinces with quota price cap
PEI, NS, NB, QUE, ON
32
what happens if overproduce quota
not paid for milk
33
what happens if underproduce quota
fines, lose quota if repeat infractions
34
provinces in Western Milk Pool (WMP)
SK, AB, MB, BC
35
average age + main reasons for culling
4-5 years
infertility, mastitis
36
lactate/milk for __ days
305-320
37
dry period is __ days
60
38
rebreed time is __ days
60-90
39
how old is calf when weaned
6-8 weeks
40
body weight __ during milk production
drops
41
peak lactation is __-__ days after calving
60-90
42
maximum production at __ years of age, aka __ lactations
6-8
4-6
43
the __ quarters are more developed and produce __% of the milk
rear, 60
44
alveoli/alveolus
milk secreting cells
45
lumen
hollow center of alveolus
46
alveoli surrounded by
blood capillaries and myoepithelial (muscular) cells
47
what supplies nutrients to udder
blood
48
how many kg of blood used to produce 1kg of milk
400-500
49
how do milking machines remove milk
negative pressure (vacuum)
50
3 kinds of milking machines
tie-stall (pipeline), milking parlor, robot
51
all parlors have
an operators pit, to attach and detach milkers
52
herringbone parlor
- can be double-4 to double-24
- cows stand at 45 degree angle
- everything single file
53
rapid exit herringbone parlor
herringbone but headgates open up so cows can all leave at once instead of single file
54
parallel (side-by-side) parlor
- cows at 90 degree angle
- hard to access udder
- shorter distance btwn udders for operators
-headgates pickup for rapid exit
55
rotary milking parlor
- cows on rotating platform
- milker outside platform
- not expandable
- huge capital investment
- more labor required
56
robots for free-stalls
VMS and Astronaut
57
robots for tie stall
Milkomax system
58
how many cows can a robot milk 3x per day
55-60
59
robots are best suited to __ herds
smaller
60
for complete milk removal: (3)
- proper pre-stimulation
- efficient operation of machine
- milker = quick, gentle, efficient, clean
61
SOP
standard operating procedure
62
milk ejection reflex
- happens naturally in presence of calf
Unnatural stimulation:
- fetching cows for milking
- entering parlor, sound/sight of machines
- fore-stripping, udder prep
63
what hormone triggers milk ejection reflex
oxytocin
[contraction of myoepithelial cells 20-60 sec after stimulus]
64
no stimuli = some milk will stay in
alveoli (lumen)
65
what inhibits milk letdown
pain, stress, excitement, fear
[adrenaline]
66
some heifers can receive __ to help milk letdown
oxytocin injection
67
typically milk __x per day, aka __ hour intervals
2, 12
68
increase in production by 15-20% if
milked 3x per day
69
4 steps of milking
1- pre-milking teat disinfection
2- wipe down with towel (udder stimulation)
3- machine attachment and positioning
4- post milking disinfection
70
attach machine __ minute(s) after stimulation
1
71
encourage cows to stand after milking by _ for __
offering fresh feed for post-milking teat dipping
72
how to handle collected milk
- cool rapidly
- store at 1-4 degrees in bulk tank
- this prevents bacterial growth
73
what happens if milking equipment is not cleaned
bacteria starts to grow = spread of disease and milk spoiling
74
how often is milk picked up
every other day or daily (depends on size)
75
single milk processing plant in Sask
Saputo
76
what are milk samples tested for (6)
protein, fat, lactose
antibiotic residues, water, somatic cell count
77
milk is __% water
85-87
78
2 main factors affecting profitability
production of cows and composition of milk (multiple-component system in Canada)
79
what is most of dairy cow's day spent doing
resting
80
most common feed method
total mixed ration (TMR) - meets all nutritional needs
available at all times
81
what is dry period
non-lactating period prior to impending baby-having
(regenerates mammary epithelial tissue)
82
during dry period a __ plug forms to create a __
keratin, physical barrier
83
how soon is calf removed from mother
within 24 hours
(no bonding allowed)
84
NLID
national livestock identification for dairy
has registration # and herd management #
85
colostrometer measures
quality of colostrum via specific gravity
86
brix refractometer
measures Brix value of colostrum (total solid/sugar content). Best is 22%
87
ability for calf to absorb antibodies declines rapidly after
24 hours
88
calves are housed in
hutches or pens
89
calf milk pasteurizer
takes non-saleable whole milk and reduces pathogens so it can be fed to calves
90
what is rumen development dependent on
grain intake (not forage)
91
energy sources in calf starters (4)
corn, barley, wheat, oat
92
protein sources in calf starters (4)
soybean meal, DDGS, wheat bran, canola meal
93
avoid __ heifers
overfeeding (fat deposition in udder)
