before final Flashcards by Cesar A. Contla

high quality protein includes what

meats

soy products and quinoa

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does rice have gluten?

nah

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Amino acids have a nitrogen-containing component as part of their chemical makeup. When amino acids are deaminated, the nitrogen-containing component is removed and converted into ammonia. What happens to the ammonia?

a) Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.
b) Ammonia is broken down into carbon and oxygen, which are excreted by the lungs.
c) Ammonia is metabolized for energy.
d) Ammonia is used to detoxify the liver.

a) Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.

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Each amino acid contains three different groups of atoms. Match the group with its role or defining characteristic.

part:

Amino group

R group

Carbon skeleton

characteristic:

Contains the nitrogen atom

Can be converted to glucose and used for energy

Differs with each amino acid

Amino group: Contains the nitrogen atom

R group: Differs with each amino acid

Carbon skeleton: Can be converted to glucose and used for energy

The nitrogen atom is in the amino group.

The R group identifies the molecule as a particular amino acid.

The carbon skeleton is an important component of an amino acid because the body can convert the carbon skeletons of certain amino acids to glucose and use the simple sugar for energy

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Foods differ in their protein quality. A complete protein provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids. An incomplete protein lacks adequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids. Which of the following foods contains incomplete protein?

A sandwich made with turkey

A handful of peanuts

A cup of soy milk

A casserole made with quinoa

A handful of peanuts

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Celiac disease is a condition characterized by destruction of intestinal villi and poor nutrient absorption. A person with celiac disease should avoid all of the following meals EXCEPT _______.

barley soup

a rueben sandwich on rye bread

a muffin made with wheat bran

a casserole made with quinoa, milk, and cheese

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When a person eats more protein than his or her body needs, the extra protein is _______.

used to form extra large muscles

converted to glucose or fat

not absorbed

stored in muscle tissue for future use

converted to glucose or fat

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Excess dietary protein and amino acids _______.

can be used for energy

make hair grow faster

cause weight loss

build muscle

can be used for energy

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______ is the process of removing nitrogen from an amino acid

Transamination

Denaturation

Hydrogenation

Deamination

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Which of the following physical states is characterized by positive nitrogen balance?

Starvation

Illness

Puberty

Marasmus

Puberty

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Which of the following foods is a source of complementary protein?

Trail mix made with cashews, raisins, almonds, honey, and dried banana flakes

Leafy greens salad topped with peanuts

Whole-wheat bread with an apricot spread

Mashed chickpeas spread on pita bread

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Which of the following foods is a source of high-quality protein that a vegan would eat?

Yogurt

Brown rice

Quinoa

Sweet potatoes

Quinoa

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The only sources of retinoids, also called ___, are animal foods, including liver and fish.

also called preformed vitamin A

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Other carotenoids include zeaxanthin and ___, which help maintain good eye health.

lutein

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megaloblastic anemia

folate-deficiency condition

cells that would normally mature into red blood cells cannot form DNA to divide and mature properly

the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen is reduced

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Pernicious anemia is due to what

lack of Vitamin B 12

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To be classified as a vitamin, a compound must generally meet certain criteria. Check all that apply.

Check All That Apply

The substance cannot be made in the body.

The body requires the substance for maintaining good health

Absence of the compound from the diet for a defined period produces deficiency symptoms that, if caught in time, are quickly cured when the substance is resupplied.

A synthetic version of the compound is available in a dietary supplement

The body requires the substance for maintaining good health

Absence of the compound from the diet for a defined period produces deficiency symptoms that, if caught in time, are quickly cured when the substance is resupplied.

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Certain vitamins or provitamins have antioxidant properties that help protect against free radical damage to cells. Check all of the following substances that have antioxidant activity.

Check All That Apply

Niacin

Beta-carotene

Vitamin E

Vitamin C

Beta-carotene

Vitamin E

Vitamin C

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Why are older people at increased risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency compared to younger people?

As you age, your stomach produces less acid, which limits cleavage of vitamin B-12 from food.

As you age, your metabolism slows and a rapid metabolism is required for optimal vitamin B-12 absorption.

As you age, your macula begins to turn yellow-a sign of excessive folate absorption, which masks vitamin B-12 deficiency.

As you age, your bones become more porous; porous bones do not absorb vitamin B-12 as well as dense bones do.

As you age, your stomach produces less acid, which limits cleavage of vitamin B-12 from food.

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Ryan is interested in conserving the vitamin content in his fresh fruits and vegetables. All of the following practices help maintain foods’ vitamin content EXCEPT _______.

Multiple Choice

cutting vegetables just before cooking/serving

cooking vegetables in a small amount of water

cutting vegetables into large chunks before cooking

storing fresh produce in a warm, dry, and well-lit place

cutting vegetables into large chunks before cooking

storing fresh produce in a warm, dry, and well-lit place

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Some dietary fat helps the body absorb fat-soluble nutrients, including the provitamin beta-carotene. Most fruits and vegetables that are good sources of beta-carotene are low in fat or fat-free. How can you enhance the body’s absorption of beta-carotene when preparing low-fat foods that contain this provitamin?

You can eat fruits and vegetables with a source of iron because the mineral enhances fat-soluble pro-vitamin uptake.

You can add margarine or butter to vegetables during cooking.

You can add olive oil or margarine to vegetables after they are cooked.

You can wash fruits and vegetables before cooking.

You can add olive oil or margarine to vegetables after they are cooked.

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Of the following medicinal uses of vitamin megadoses, which is the only one for which scientific research indicates there is some benefit?

Folic acid, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 to reduce heart disease risk by lowering homocysteine levels

Vitamin B-6 to reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome

Vitamin C to lessen symptoms of the common cold

Vitamin E to reduce heart disease

Vitamin C to lessen symptoms of the common cold

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Most B vitamins function as _______.

intermediates

antioxidants

metabolites

coenzymes

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n food, vitamin B-12 is naturally bound to

animal protein

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While in your ___, vitamin B-12 binds to intrinsic factor, forming a vitamin complex.

duodenum

deficiency for thiamin

beriberi

deficiency for niacin

pellagra

deficiency for scurvy

vitamin C

According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines, which of the following vitamins is a nutrient of public health concern? Check All That Apply Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin A Vitamin K

Vitamin D

Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D? Fatty fish Fresh fruit Whole-grain breads and cereals Dark orange and yellow vegetables

Fatty fish

Which of the following statements is true? Multiple Choice Skin can form previtamin D after being exposed to sunlight. Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation. Pellagra is the vitamin D deficiency disorder in adults. Excessive intakes of vitamin D cause rickets in children.

Skin can form previtamin D after being exposed to sunlight.

true or false Niacin is a B vitamin that is needed for energy metabolism.

true

Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of ________, the precursor for niacin.

tryptophan

true or false People can die from pellagra.

truuuu

true or false Milk, eggs, poultry, meat, and pork are poor sources of vitamin B-12

false

Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of refined white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing ________. beriberi scurvy pellagra neural tube defects

scurvy

true or false According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, vitamin C is a "nutrient of public health concern."

false

Vitamins _______. are metabolized to yield energy occur in gram amounts in foods are organic molecules are macronutrients

are organic molecules

People who are unable to absorb fat are likely to develop a _______ deficiency. vitamin A folate vitamin B-12 riboflavin

vitamin A

Enriched grain products have specific amounts of _______ added during processing vitamin C vitamin A vitamin B-12 thiamin

thiamin

During pregnancy, excess _______ intake is known to be teratogenic. vitamin A biotin vitamin K folate

vitamin A

Major food sources of vitamin B-12 include _______. enriched grain products meat and milk products fruit and vegetables nuts and seeds

meat and milk products

Which of the following statements is false? Intrinsic factor is needed for vitamin B-12 absorption. Vitamin B-12 deficiency is common among elderly persons. Patients with pernicious anemia are treated with high doses of folic acid. If untreated, pernicious anemia can be deadly.

Patients with pernicious anemia are treated with high doses of folic acid.

Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin C? Whole milk Egg white Hamburger patty Green pepper

Green pepper

Which of the following foods has the lowest percentage of water? Tomatoes Oranges Whole-grain bread Vegetable oil

Vegetable oil

Which of the following foods is not a good source of calcium? Butter American cheese Canned sardines Kale

Butter

Which of the following populations has the highest risk of hypertension? People with African-American ancestry Young, physically active Asian men Hispanic women who do not drink alcohol Young adults who consume high amounts of fruit

People with African-American ancestry

The only mineral added back during enrichment of grain products is

iron

Spinach has a good amount of calcium, but the _____ in spinach binds calcium, reducing its bioavailability

oxalic acid

If calcium levels in the blood become too high, the thyroid gland secretes

calcitonin

potassium sodium phosphate chloride which are: intracellular cation intracellular anion extracellular cation extracellular anion

potassium: intracellular cation sodium: extracellular cation phosphate: intracellular anion chloride: extracellular anion

In addition to water and food intake, hydration is affected by a number of other factors. Check all of the factors that have a major influence on body water losses. Altitude Day of the week Alcohol and sodium intake Humidity

Altitude Alcohol and sodium intake Humidity

Both dehydration and water intoxication can be harmful. Check all of the statements that apply to overconsumption of water. Check All That Apply Water intoxication can occur, but it is a rare condition. Nausea and vomiting, confusion, and weight gain can result from excessive water intake. Water intoxication can cause death when the condition raises sodium to dangerous levels in the bloodstream. Marathon runners who consume water during competition are at risk of water intoxication.

Water intoxication can occur, but it is a rare condition. Nausea and vomiting, confusion, and weight gain can result from excessive water intake. Marathon runners who consume water during competition are at risk of water intoxication.

Vitamin C increases or decreases iron absorption?

increases

Camillia is iron deficient. Which of the following actions should she take to enhance her body's iron absorption? Check all that apply. Consuming vitamin C-rich foods or supplements along with iron-containing plant foods Eating heme and nonheme iron foods together Eating high-fiber foods that are rich sources of phytic and oxalic acids Drinking tea with meals and snacks

Consuming vitamin C-rich foods or supplements along with iron-containing plant foods Eating heme and nonheme iron foods together

Liam has a family history of cardiovascular disease and he is worried about his father, who is quite unhealthy. Liam’s father has diabetes, and Liam’s paternal grandfather (his dad’s dad) had high blood pressure, gallbladder disease, and died of a stroke. His father is a smoker who doesn’t exercise and is also thin. Which of the following are major risk factors for hypertension for Liam's father? Check all that apply. Smoking Family history of hypertension Low body weight Diabetes

Smoking Family history of hypertension Diabetes

Laura lives in a community that does not have fluoridated water. Which of the following actions can Laura take to increase her fluoride intake? Drink tea Eat more servings of fruit, especially organic apples Use salt that has been fortified with fluorine Take a fish oil supplement

Drink tea | ƒ

Food preparation and storage methods may result in considerable losses of minerals in foods. Which of the food handling/cooking methods below can result in such losses? The use of high temperatures during cooking Deep-fat frying Cooking in large amounts of water Freezing foods

Cooking in large amounts of water

Twenty-year-old Darlene is concerned about her risk of osteoporosis. She has heard that it is important for young women to consume adequate amounts of calcium, but she is not sure which foods to eat. To increase her calcium intake, which of the following foods should she choose? Check all that apply. Spinach Sardines Fat-free plain yogurt Red meat

Sardines Fat-free plain yogurt Red meat

Mineral nutrients can have a variety of functions in the body. Select all of the statements that apply to the major roles of minerals in the body. Most minerals can be metabolized for energy to release approximately 2 kcal/mg. Some minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, form structural components of tissues. As inorganic ions, some minerals function as cofactors for chemical reactions. Fat-soluble minerals are necessary for the digestion of lipids. Minerals are components of certain amino acids, vitamins, and hormones.

Some minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, form structural components of tissues. As inorganic ions, some minerals function as cofactors for chemical reactions. Minerals are components of certain amino acids, vitamins, and hormones.

The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines have identified nutrients of public health concern. Of the following minerals, check each one, if it has been classified as a nutrient of public health concern. Calcium Potassium Sulfur Sodium

Calcium Potassium

Which of the following foods is most likely to support the growth of pathogens? Overripe bananas Pasteurized milk Raw ground meat Commercially canned tomato soup

Raw ground meat

Food-borne illnesses are usually characterized by ___ flu-like signs and symptoms coughing, sneezing, and respiratory inflammation megaloblastic anemia and nervous system defects abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting

abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting

In the United States, common sources of food-borne illness include all of the following, except _______. norovirus staphylococcus aureus fungi salmonella.

fungi

In the United States, _______ is responsible for most outbreaks of food-borne illness norovirus Clostridium botulinum aflatoxin E. coli

norovirus

before final Flashcards

(65 cards)