Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biol 203 > chapter 9: water > Flashcards

chapter 9: water Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how much water can be found in an adult human body?

A

about 40 L of water

–> 2/3 are inside cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

proportion of muscle and epithelial cells that is made up of water?

A

about 70 to 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

proportion of fat and bone cells that is made up of water?

A

less than 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

if the 2/3 of water in the body is in cells, where is the remaining 1/3?

A

in the extracellular fluid compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the extracellular fluid compartment include

A

the cardiovascular system

the interstitial system

the lymphatic system

sweat

tears

gastric juices

spinal fluid

fluid between joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chemistry golden rule #3

A

where Ions go, water follows

–> water molecules move towards compartments with the highest concentration of solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

controlling the amount of solutes in each compartment will do what?

A

the body can control the water inside and outside of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

osmosis

A

the third chemistry golden rule

where Ions go, water follows

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where solutes are more concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does the body maintain a the balance of compartmental fluids?

A

by controlling the concentration of ions in each department

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do the cells do to control the movement of water?

A

they direct a movement of major minerals:

sodium

potassium

magnesium

chloride (sometimes)

phosphate (sometimes)

sulfur (sometimes)

these minerals, called salts, dissociate when place in water into ions (electrolytes)

–> water molecules are immediately draw to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

electrolytes

A

salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

positively charged ions

A

cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

negatively charged ions

A

anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the most important function water does

A

the transport of nutrients and waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is plasma

A

plasma is 92% water

there are nutrients that are delivered to cells

there is waste that is delivered to kidneys for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

water functions in the body

A

the transport of nutrients and waste

water participates in chemical reactions

–> some of the water in our cells is made with chemical reactions (metabolic water)

water regulates body temeprature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

metabolic water

A

water generated during metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the amount of metabolic water produced per day depends on what?

A

on our physical activity level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how much metabolic water do physically inactive people produce?

A

about 300 mL per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how much metabolic water do very physically active people produce?

A

about 550 mL per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

during exercise, why does our body heat up (body temperature regulation)?

A

blood rushes to the surface of the skin carrying the heat generated from the metabolic reactions made in our cells

this increase in blood flow allows more heat to dissipate, which cools down our core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

role of sweat in body temperature regulation

A

it is what allows our body to cool during exercise

–> this only works when the sweat is allowed to evaporate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how can we ensure our sweat evaporates when exercising?

A

we have to ensure we do not work out in an environment that is too humid

–> if we do, the heated body water remains trapped in the body

–> can cause heat stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

human body is composed of how much water?

A

50 to 70% of the body is water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
which two factors affect how much our body is made up of water
age sex
26
a newborn is how much water weight?
75%
27
an elder is how much water weight?
45%
28
who has more body water between men and women? why?
men because muscle tissue is 75% water and fat tissue is 20% water men have generally more lean muscle
29
what is metabolic water produced from?
from the chemical breakdown of macronutrients
30
all the ways water can be consumed
metabolic water food beverages
31
all the ways water can be excreted
expired air insensible respiration sweat urine feces
32
every time that the heat contracts, how much of the blood forced out of the head goes to the kidneys?
21%
33
each minute, how much blood to kidneys receive? how much urine will they make out of it per minute?
5 cups 1 mL per minute
34
from which artery do kidneys receive blood from the heart?
the renal artery
35
the blood that is clean (removed waste) leaves the kidneys through which vein?=
the renal vein
36
through what does the urine leave the kidneys to go to the bladder?
via the ureter
37
roles of kidneys
eliminating waste controlling blood pressure controlling blood volume controlling the solute concentration of body fluids
38
the greater the amount of fluid, the greater or lower the amount of pressure on the walls of blood vessels?
the greater the amount of pressure
39
the kidneys are controlled by what?
by secretions from the Posterior Pituitary Gland (located in the brain) by the Adrenal Glands (sitting on top of the kidneys)
40
The Posterior Pituitary Gland secretes which hormone? what does this hormone do?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) controls the volume of urine and its solute concentration --> makes less urine when blood levels are low to conserve water promotes the elimination of potassium
41
The Adrenal Glands secrete which hormone? what does this hormone do?
Aldosterone controls the volume of urine and its solute concentration --> reduces the excretion of sodium when blood levels are low --> water follows ions, so since sodium stays more, so does water promotes the elimination of potassium
42
when does the Posterior Pituitary Gland secrete Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
when blood volume is low or when concentration of sodium in blood plasma is high
43
natural ways to lower blood pressure
increase potassium intake increase magnesium intake reducing sodium intake
44
how can cells that are more richly populated with electrolytes lower blood volume? (when we increase potassium and magnesium intake, and maybe lower sodium intake)
by drawing water out of the extracellular fluid compartments and into the intracellular fluid compartments --> Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)
45
what can water deficiency and toxicity cause?
fluid and electrolyte imbalance overwhelms the capacity of our kidneys to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
46
how to treat mild dehydration?
simple water intake for ex: vomiting and diarrhea
47
how to treat more severe cases of dehydration?
requires electrolytes to be replenished
48
hyponatremia symptoms
severe headache confusion seizures
49
hyponatremia at the cellular level
water leaves the intravascular and interstitial compartments and migrates into cells
50
hyponatremia treatment
immediate medicla attention
51
hyponatremia
a decreased concentration of sodium in the blood
52
water intoxication
the rare condition in which body water contents are too high in all body fluid compartments can cause hyponatremia
53
when does water intoxication occur?
when excessive amounts of plain water is consumed in short time period or when the kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood
54
how is energy from the food spent?
spent on the chemical reactions running inside our cells
55
metabolism
the sum of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells includes all reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food
56
high or low metabolism
the rate at which the chemical reactions that go on in living cells occur
57
anabolic chemical reactions
build stuff require energy output reactions in which molecules are put together to build larger ones
58
how much energy per day does the liver require to function?
380 Kcal per day a very demanding organ
59
what are the roles of the liver that we have seen so far
build glycogen synthesize cholesterol Make VLDLs Synthesize 11 non essential amino acids convert ammonia to urea convert retinol into other Vitamin A Convert vitamin d3 into an intermediate form
60
how much energy per day do Kidneys require to function?
140 Kcal per day
61
why do kidneys require so much energy?
converts inactive vitamin D into active form process 5 cups of blood per minute to make urine
62
the two main chemical reactions in the metabolism?
anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions
63
catabolic chemical reactions
release stored chemical energy reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones they release energy --> released as heat or as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
64
energy currency of the cell
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
65
The Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) facotry of every cell
the mitochondria
66
what do the mitochondria do?
they transfer the energy from macronutrients into the ATP they also create Metabolic Water and CO2 out of this
67
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
a highly reactive molecule ready to perform work --> liked a compressed spring contains about 40% of the chemical energy that was stored in the carbon hydrogen bonds of glucose --> the rest is lost as heat
68
cells that have the most mitochondria
muscle cells liver cells
69
cells that have the least mitochondria
fat cells
70
why is ATP the energy currency of the cell?
it releases kinetic energy they phsopshorylate muscle fibers, allowing us to move --> with the last phospate group released from the ATP
71
how does ATP work?
it is loaded with negative hydrogen bonds which make it highly reactive the last phosphate bond of the ATP is released --> released as kinetic energy --> phsopshorylating
72
what changes an enzyme's configuration and causes them to work?
phsopshorylatisation
73
when happens to ATP when it loses it's last phosphate bond?
it turns into ADP
74
what ATP synthesized from?
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Phosphate the reaction is made possible by the break down of macronutrients
75
what uses more of the energy we consume?
our basal metabolism
76
basal metabolism (or basal metabolic rate)
the energy needed to maintain life when the body is at rest the rate of energy use for metabolism when at a 12-hour fast and respectful sleep, no physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting calculates energy spent on breathing, circulating blood, and maintaining organ functions usually expressed as kilocalories per kilogram body weight per hour
77
basal metabolism (or basal metabolic rate)
the energy needed to maintain life when the body is at rest the rate of energy use for metabolism when at a 12-hour fast and respectful sleep, no physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting usually expressed as kilocalories per kilogram body weight per hour
78
our organ with the biggest BMR?
the liver
79
why is BMR measured only after 12 hours of fasting?
energy must be spent to make chemical digestion of food possible --> enzymes allow this to happen mechanical digestion is also energy costly --> this is why we feel tired after big meals
80
Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)
the estimated energy required to process food consumes about 10% of total caloric intake
81
some people can eat a lot and not gain weight others can be way more sensitive what influences our Basal Metabolic Rate?
body composition sex body surface area age height environment quality of our diet
82
some people can eat a lot and not gain weight others can be way more sensitive what influences our Basal Metabolic Rate?
body composition sex body surface area age height
83
the more muscle tissue we have, the more or less our BMR?
the more
84
why does a taller person of the same weight have a higher BMR than another person that is shorter and of same weight?
because the taller one has more surface area from which heat can escape --> to maintain body temperature, the taller body needs more energy
85
why does a taller person of the same weight have a higher BMR than another person that is shorter and of same weight?
because the taller one has more surface area from which heat can escape --> to maintain body temperature,
86
environment as a factor influencing BMR includes what?
us in the womb us as infants and growing up us as adults
87
role of the environment as a factor influencing BMR explain how the development of sweat glands in babies work in a hot and cold environment
babies in hot environment will develop more functional sweat glands in a hotter environment the colder the environment, the fewer the number of adult sweat glands
88
why do people with more functional sweat glands have less chance of dying from heat stress?
because they can cool the body more effectively
89
the thrifty gene theory
fetuses deprived of calories lower their BMR because they predict and environment of food scarcity
90
role of our diets in influencing our BMRs
our nutrients can change our gene expression epigenetics
91
in which two ways do the relationship between diets and genes go?
nutrigenomics nutrigenetics
92
in which two ways do the relationship between diets and genes go?
nutrigenomics nutrigenics
93
nutrigenomics
studies how food can affect gene expression
94
nutrigenetics
studies how genes influence how nutrients are metabolized

Biol 203 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions