Behavioral Science

Question 1

Case control study

Answer 1

compares to group without disease

ODDS RATIO

Question 2

Cohort study

Answer 2

compares to group without exposure

RELATIVE RISK

Question 3

Phase I drug trial

Answer 3

healthy volunteers

Question 4

Phase II drug trial

Answer 4

small # of patients with disease

Question 5

Phase III drug trial

Answer 5

large # of patients randomly assigned to treatment or placebo

Question 6

Phase IV drug trial

Answer 6

postmarket surveillance after treatment approved

Question 7

Sensitivity

Answer 7

= TP/(TP+FN)
= 1 - false negative rate
when NEGATIVE, rules OUT DISEASES
SCREENING

Question 8

Specificity

Answer 8

= TN/(TN+FP)
= 1 - false postiive rate
when POSITIVE, rules IN disease
CONFIRMATION (after positive screening test)

Question 9

PPV

Answer 9

= TP/(TP+FP)

directly related to high pretest probability (prevalence)

Question 10

NPV

Answer 10

= TN/(TN+FN)

Question 11

Incidence

Answer 11

new cases/ #people at risk

Question 12

Prevalence = pretest probability

Answer 12

existing cases/ #people at risk

Question 13

OR

Answer 13

odds that diseased/non diseased exposed to RF

= (a/c)/(b/d)

Question 14

RR

Answer 14

risk of developing disease

= (a(a+b))/(c/(c+d))

Question 15

AR (attributable risk)

Answer 15

difference in risk

= a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)

Question 16

RRR (relative risk reduction)

Answer 16

proportion of risk reduction attributable to intervention

= 1 - RR

Question 17

ARR (absolute risk reduction)

Answer 17

= c/(c+d) - a/(a+b)

Question 18

NNT

Answer 18

=1/ARR

Question 19

NNH (number need to harm)

Answer 19

number of patients exposed for 1 pt to be harmed

=1/AR

Question 20

precision

Answer 20

consistency, reproducibility, reliability

decreases with random error

Question 21

accuracy

Answer 21

validity

decreases with systematic error

Question 22

confounding bias

Answer 22

e.g. pulmonary disease more common in coal workers than general pop; however, people who work in coal mines also smoke more

Question 23

positive skew

Answer 23

mean>median>mode

Question 24

negative skew

Answer 24

mean<mode

Question 25

Type 1 error

Answer 25

false-positive saying there is a difference when none exists convicting an innocent man p<0.05, less than 5% chance data will show something that is not really there

Question 26

Type II error

Answer 26

false-negative saying there is no difference when one exists setting a guilty man free decrease error by increasing sample size

Question 27

confidence interval

Answer 27

mean difference includes 0 - null not rejected OR or RR includes 1 - null not rejected CIs between 2 groups do not overlap - significant

Question 28

t-test

Answer 28

means of 2 groups

Question 29

ANOVA

Answer 29

means of 3 or more groups

Question 30

Chi-square

Answer 30

2 or more %/proportions of categorical outcomes (compare percentage of 3 diff ethnic groups with htn)

Question 31

pearson correlation coeff (r)

Answer 31

-1 to +1 positive = positive correlation negative = negative correlation

Question 32

primary prevention secondary tertiary

Answer 32

vaccination pap smear chemotherapy

Question 33

medicare | medicaid

Answer 33

``` medicare = elderly medicaid = destitute ```

Question 34

core ethical principles

Answer 34

autonomy beneficence non maleficence justice

Question 35

informed consent

Answer 35

``` disclosure understanding capacity voluntariness (except: emergency, therapeutic, waiver) ```

Question 36

surrogate decision making

Answer 36

1. spouse 2. adult children 3. parents

Question 37

APGAR - 10 pt scale

Answer 37

1. Appearance 2. Pulse 3. Grimace 4. Activity 5. Respiration >7 good <4 resuscitate

Question 38

0-12 months milestones

Answer 38

primitive reflexes - babinski gone by 12 posture - walks by 12 picks - pincer grasp by 10 points to objects by 12 social smile by 2 stranger anxiety by 6 separation anxiety by 9 orients to name by 9 mama and dada by 10

Question 39

12-36 months milestones

Answer 39

``` cruises by 12 climbs stairs by 18 cubes stacked = age (yr) x 3 feeds self by 20 kicks ball by 24 ``` parallel play by 36 gender by 36 200 words + 2 word sentences by age 2

Question 40

3-5 yr milestones

Answer 40

tricycle by 3 yr stick figure by 4 yr uses buttons and zippers by 5 yr cooperative play/imaginary friends by 4 yr 1000 words by 3 yr

Question 41

Elderly - presbycusis

Answer 41

sensorineural hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at cochlear base