``` 1. intrinsic pathway BAX/BAK mit cytochrome c caspase Bcl-2 Apaf-1 ``` 2. extrinsic pathway FasR-FasL T cell - granzyme B, perforin FADD

Pathology Flashcards by Kat Iwata

Apoptosis

2 pathway

1. intrinsic pathway
BAX/BAK
mit cytochrome c
caspase
Bcl-2
Apaf-1

extrinsic pathway
FasR-FasL
T cell - granzyme B, perforin
FADD

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Necrosis

Coagulative

ischemia/infarcts

proteins denature, enzymatic degration

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Necrosis

liquefactive

bacterial abscess
brain infarct

lysosomal enzyme digest tissue

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Necrosis

Caseous

TB
systemic fungi
nocardia

macrophages wall off

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Necrosis

Fat

acute pancreatitis
breast trauma

damaged cells release lipase

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Necrosis

fibrinoids

vessel wall damage

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Necrosis

gangrenous

distal extremity - chronic ischemia

dry: ischemia
wet: superinfection

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ischemia: susceptible regions
brain
heart
kidney
liver
colon

brain - watershed
heart - subendocardium (LV)
kidney - straight segment of proximal tubule, thick ascending limb
liver - central vein (zone III)
colon - splenic flexture, rectum

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red infarct organs

hemorrhagic
multiple blood supplies
1. liver
2. lung
3. intestinereperfusion

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pale infarct organs

anemic
single blood supply
1. heart
2. kidney
3. spleen

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chromatolysis (3 histo)

neuronal cell body following axonal injury

round cellular swelling
displacement of nucleus to periphery
dispersion of Nissl substance throughout cytoplasm

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p-glycoprotein

adrenal cell carcinoma

used by cancer to pump out toxins (meds)

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tumor grade

degree of cellular differentation and mitotic activity on HISTOLOGY
low grade, well differentiated
high grade, poorly differentiated

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tumor stage

T= tumor size
N = node involvement
M = metastases

more related to prognosis

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epithelium cancer

adenoma, papilloma

adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma

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blood cells cancer

leukemia

lymphoma

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blood vessels cancer

hemangioma

angiosarcoma

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smooth muscle cancer

leiomyoma

leiomyosarcoma

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striated muscle cancer

rhabdomyoma

rhabdomyosarcoma

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connecive tissue cancer

fibroma

fibrosarcoma

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bone cancer

osteoma

osteosarcoma

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fat cancer

lipoma

liposarcoma

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associated with which neoplasm?

barrett esophagus

esophageal adenocarcinoma

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associated with which neoplasm?
chronic atrophic gastritis
postsurgical gastric remnants

gastric adenocarinoma

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associated with which neoplasm? | cirrhosis

HCC

associated with which neoplasm? | UC

colon adenocarcinoma

associated with which neoplasm? | actinic keratosis

skin SCC

associated with which neoplasm? | dermato- and polymyositis

visceral malignancies | GU

associated with which neoplasm? | dysplastic nevus

malignant melanoma

associated with which neoplasm? | multiple seborrheic keratoses

GI, breast, lung, lymphoid malignancies

associated with which neoplasm? | Paget disease of bone

osteosarcoma | fibrosarcoma

associated with which neoplasm? | Plummer-Vinson syndrome

SCC of esophagus

associated with which neoplasm? | tuberous sclerosis

harmatomas everywhere

associated with which neoplasm? | xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism

SCC, BCC, melanoma

associated with which neoplasm? | AIDs

NHL | kaposi sarcoma

associated with which neoplasm? | Down syndrome

ALL

oncogene? CML ALL

BCR-ABL | tyr kinase

oncogene? | follicular and undiff lymphoma

BCL-2 | antiapoptotic

oncogene? melanoma NHL

BRAF | ser/thre kinase

oncogene? | GIST

c-kit | cytokine receptor

oncogene? | Burkitt lymphoma

c-myc | TF

oncogene? | breast, ovarian, gastric carcinoma

Her2/neu (c-erbB2) | tyr kinase

oncogene? | lung tumor

L-myc | TF

oncogene? | neuroblastoma

N-myc | TF

oncogene? | colon, lung, pancreatic cancer

RAS | GTPase

oncogene? MEN2A and 2B medullary thyroid cancer

RET | tyr kinase

``` tumor suppressor gene? colorectal cancer (FAP) ```

APC

tumor suppressor gene? | breast and ovarian

BRCA1/2 | DNA repair protein

tumor suppressor gene? | colon cancer

DCC

tumor suppressor gene? | pancreatic cancer

DPC4/SMAD4

tumor suppressor gene? | MEN1

MEN1 | menin

tumor suppressor gene? | neurofibromatosis type 1

NF1 | Ras GTPAse activating protein

tumor suppressor gene? | neurofibromatosis type 2

NF2 | merlin

tumor suppressor gene? | melanoma

p16 | cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A

tumor suppressor gene? most human cancers Li-fraumeni

p53 | TF for p21, blocks G1 to S phase

tumor suppressor gene? | breast, prostate and endometrial cancer

PTEN

tumor suppressor gene? retinoblastoma osteosarcoma

Rb | inhibit E2F; block G1 to S phase

tumor suppressor gene? | tuberous sclerosis

TSC1 (harmartin) | TSC2 (tuberin)

tumor suppressor gene? von hippel lindau RCC

VHL | inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a

``` tumor suppressor gene? Wilms Tumor (nephroblastoma) ```

WT1/WT2

tumor marker? bone, liver mets paget disease of bone seminoma (placental ALP)

alkaline phosphatase

tumor marker? HCC hepatoblastoma yolk sac tumor

AFP high: neural tube defect, abdominal wall low: down syndrome

tumor marker? hydatiform moles choriocarcinomas testicular cancer

beta-hCG

tumor marker? | breast cancer

CA15-3 | CA27-29

tumor marker? | pancreatic adenocarcinoma

CA 19-9

tumor marker? | ovarian cancer

CA125

tumor marker? | medullary thyroid carcinoma

calcitonin

tumor marker? nonspecific colorectal, pancreatic

CEA

tumor marker? | neuroendocrin tumors/carcinoid

chromogranin

tumor marker? | prostate

PSA

Psammomma bodies | 4

1. papillary carcinoma of THYROID 2. serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of OVARY 3. meningioma 4. malignant mesothelioma

Pathology Flashcards

(71 cards)