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piggy > Behavioural Science - Physiology > Flashcards

Behavioural Science - Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What four physiologic mechanisms can be affected by stress?

A

Water absorption, muscular tonicity, gastrocolic reflex, and mucosal circulation

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2
Q

The production of what substances in the body are increased by stress?

A

Free fatty acids, 17-OH corticosteroids, lipids, cholesterol, and catecholamines

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3
Q

What is one example of a psychological cause of sexual dysfunction?

A

Performance anxiety

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4
Q

Name four classes of drugs or substances that can cause sexual dysfunction

A

Antihypertensives, neuroleptics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, ethanol

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5
Q

What are two examples of disease states that can cause sexual dysfunction?

A

Depression and diabetes

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6
Q

What are three general categories of aetiologies of sexual dysfunction?

A

Drugs, disease, and psychologic issues

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7
Q

The body mass index is a measure of weight that is adjusted for what factor?

A

Height

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8
Q

What is the formula for calculating the body mass index?

A

Weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters squared)

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9
Q

What is the normal range of the body mass index?

A

18.5 to 24.9

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10
Q

A person with a body mass index of less than what number is considered underweight?

A

18.5

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11
Q

A person with a body mass index in what range is considered overweight?

A

25.0 to 29.9

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12
Q

A person with a body mass index of what number is considered obese?

A

30.0+

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13
Q

What is stage 1 sleep?

A

Light sleep

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14
Q

What is stage 3-4 sleep?

A

The deepest non-REM sleep; also known as slow-wave sleep

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15
Q

Which stage of sleep is characterized by dreaming and loss of motor tone?

A

REM sleep

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16
Q

Which stage of sleep may serve a memory processing function?

A

REM sleep

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17
Q

Bruxism is characteristic of which stage of sleep?

A

Stage 2

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18
Q

Stage 1 sleep is what percent of total sleep time?

A

5%

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19
Q

Stage 2 sleep is what percent of sleep time? Stage 2 sleep is what percent of sleep time?

A

45%

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20
Q

Stage 3-4 sleep is what percent of sleep time?

A

25%

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21
Q

REM sleep is what percent of sleep time?

A

25%

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22
Q

True or False? Stage 2 sleep is characterized by erections and decreased brain oxygen use.

A

False; REM sleep is characterized by erections and increased brain oxygen use

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23
Q

Awake and alert states are characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?

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A

Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)

24
Q

Awake states with eyes closed are characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?

25
Stage 1 (light sleep) is characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?
Theta
26
Stage 2 sleep is characterized by what two findings on electroencephalogram?
Sleep spindles and K complexes
27
Stage 3-4 sleep is characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?
Delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude)
28
REM sleep is characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?
Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)
29
Theta waveforms characterize what stage of sleep?
Stage 1
30
Sleep spindles and K complexes characterize what stage of sleep?
Stage 2
31
Delta waveforms characterize what stages of sleep?
Stages 3-4
32
Beta waveforms characterize what stage of sleep?
REM sleep
33
What waveform is present in both REM sleep and the awake state, spawning terms like paradoxical sleep and desynchronized sleep?
Beta waves
34
Which deep brain nucleus is responsible for initiation of sleep?
The raphe nucleus
35
True or False? Serotonin is involved with the initiation of sleep.
True
36
Norepinephrine _____ (increases/decreases) REM sleep.
Decreases
37
Which brain area is responsible for rapid eye movements in sleep?
Extraocular movements during REM sleem are due to the activity of the paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center
38
Which drug class is useful in treating sleepwalking and night terrors? What is the mechanism of action?
Benzodiazepines are useful for treating night terrors and sleepwalking because they shorten stage 4 sleep
39
What medication can be used as a treatment for night terrors and sleepwalking?
Benzodiazepines, because they shorten stage 4 sleep
40
Which drug is used to treat enuresis? What is its mechanism of action?
Imipramine, which works by shortening the duration of stage 4 sleep
41
What are four physiologic changes that occur during REM sleep?
Increased and variable pulse, rapid eye movement, increased and variable blood pressure, and penile/clitoral tumescence
42
REM sleep occurs approximately every _____ minutes throughout the night.
90
43
How does the pattern of REM sleep change in later sleep?
The duration of REM sleep increases throughout the night
44
What is the principle neurotransmitter involved in REM sleep?
Acetylcholine
45
Does REM sleep increase or decrease with age?
Decrease
46
What is the most common medical treatment for narcolepsy?
Stimulants such as amphetamines or modafinil
47
When do hypnagogic hallucinations occur?
Just before sleep begins; this is a hallmark of narcolepsy
48
When do hypnopompic hallucinations occur?
Just before awakening; this is a hallmark of narcolepsy
49
Define cataplexy.
The loss of all muscle tone as a result of a strong emotional stimulus; this is a hallmark of narcolepsy
50
True or False? Narcolepsy has a strong genetic component.
True
51
What type of sleep do narcoleptic episodes (as well as the nocturnal sleep of narcoleptics) start with?
REM sleep; this is known as short REM latency
52
What sleep disorder is characterized by cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and automatic behavior?
Narcolepsy
53
True or False? A person with narcolepsy can become drowsy or fall asleep at inappropriate times and places. Daytime naps may occur with or without warning, and they may be irresistible.
True
54
Which nucleus of the hypothalamus drives circadian rhythm?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus
55
The release of which hormones or neurotransmitters is dictated by circadian rhythms?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, melatonin, and nocturnal norepinephrine
56
The release of melatonin from the pineal gland is caused by the release of which neurotransmitter from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Norepinephrine
57
Which environmental stimulus regulates the activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
Light

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