Behaviours of animals and reproductive

Question 1

What is instinctive behaviour ?

Answer 1

this is genetically controlled

Question 2

what is learned behaviour?

Answer 2

develop as a result of experience

Question 3

What are some innate behaviours of a newborn human?

Answer 3

• Sucking reflex
• grasping
• stepping
• startle

Question 4

instinctive behaviours ?

Answer 4

• Rhythmic behaviours
• Communication behaviours
• Reproductive behaviours
• Competitive behaviours
• Social hierarchies
• Territorial

Question 5

Circadian rhythms ?

Answer 5

daily rhythms over 24 hours, e.g. feeding and sleeping.

“Internal clocks”.

Question 6

Diurnal ?

Answer 6

active during the day

Question 7

Nocturnal?

Answer 7

active at night

Question 8

Crepuscular?

Answer 8

active at dawn or dusk

Question 9

Lunar rhythms ?

Answer 9

coincide with the phases of the moon as some species have greater success in breeding under the full moon

Question 10

Circannual rhythms ?

Answer 10

Yearly rhythms

E.g. migration - to a more suitable environment

Question 11

Types of communication behaviours?

Answer 11

• touch
• posture ( agressive or defensive)
• sounds (used day or night)
• visual signals (only in daylight)
• chemical signals (PHEROMONES) marking of territory or to follow

Question 12

Sexual Reproduction?

Answer 12

involves two parents whose gametes, unite in the process of fertilisation

Question 13

Asexual Reproduction?

Answer 13

the species requires no mate to reproduce. The offspring are usually an exact replica of the parent.

Question 14

Hermaphrodites ?

Answer 14

have functioning male & female reproductive systems

Question 15

Parthenogenesis

Answer 15

-New individual develops from an unfertilized egg and all will be FEMALE.
E.g. Can occur in bees, stick insects, wasps, ants, lizards and birds

Question 16

Internal Fertilisation ?

Answer 16

union of sperm & egg occurs inside the female. A lot less animals are born usually only once a year.

Question 17

External Fertilisation?

Answer 17

eggs & sperm fuse in external environment.
• This method relies on chance.
• Only a small proportion of young will survive.
• The advantage of this method is the high dispersal of young

Question 18

Monogamy ?

Answer 18

single pair matings

Question 19

Polygamy ?

Answer 19

multiple matings

Question 20

Promiscuity?

Answer 20

either the male or the female has many partners during the breeding season. E.g. magpies, lyrebirds, bowerbirds

Question 21

Egg yolk Viviparity?

Answer 21

mothers produce eggs but do not lay them. They hatch inside the uterus & the young are born. They are nourished only by the yolk.

Question 22

Placental viviparity ?

Answer 22

Nutrients are delivered from the maternal bloodstream via the placenta to the embryo.

Question 23

What three things might happen to the less competitive species?

Answer 23

• move to another area
• adopt new survival strategies
• become extinct in that area.

Question 24

What happens in social groups?

Answer 24

• makes collecting food easier
• Herds – “safety in numbers”
• Easier to find a mate
• Bait Balls
• Battle At Kruger Park
• Solitary hunters – must be adept at catching prey.

Question 25

What happens in Territorial?

Answer 25

• protect a resource for their own use. (a mate, space, food or water, etc.) • Social hierarchies • ‘Pecking order’ – animals fight to learn which others can beat them and which they can beat.

Question 26

Habituation?

Answer 26

ability to ignore frequent, harmless stimulus. • E.g. Scarecrow • E.g. living near train tracks, the trains may keep you awake for the first few nights, but after a while you seem to not hear them.

Question 27

Imprinting (both innate & learned)

Answer 27

Occurs in a Critical time period ONLY • Once learned can’t be changed • An attachment to another animal or object shortly after birth. • Rapid learning

Question 28

Classical Conditioning

Answer 28

responding to particular stimuli • Basic obedience training • Pairing two stimuli together, response becomes the same. • E.g. Pavlov’s experiments

Question 29

Operant Conditioning or Training

Answer 29

``` • repeated practice using a reward or punishment system • Trial & Error learning • E.g. Rat presses lever & gets food • Response and reward, the consequence of actions - memorising a route through a maze ```

Question 30

Reasoning or Insight

Answer 30

devise apply solution using past experience. | monkeys

Question 31

Behavior is Controlled by?

Answer 31

* Nervous system | * Endocrine system

Question 32

k-selection reproductive strategies

Answer 32

slower and fewer, animals tend to mature slower and more care is taken into the youth

Question 33

r-selection selection reproductive strategies

Answer 33

large numbers of off spring, breed frequently ,little care in the offspring

Question 34

The amnion

Answer 34

surrounds the embryo via fluid

Question 35

the allatonis

Answer 35

forms a sack that contains the waste of an embryo

Question 36

yolk sack

Answer 36

contains nutrients for the embryo