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Biology > Behaviours of animals and reproductive > Flashcards

Behaviours of animals and reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is instinctive behaviour ?

A

this is genetically controlled

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2
Q

what is learned behaviour?

A

develop as a result of experience

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3
Q

What are some innate behaviours of a newborn human?

A
  • Sucking reflex
  • grasping
  • stepping
  • startle
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4
Q

instinctive behaviours ?

A
  • Rhythmic behaviours
  • Communication behaviours
  • Reproductive behaviours
  • Competitive behaviours
  • Social hierarchies
  • Territorial
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5
Q

Circadian rhythms ?

A

daily rhythms over 24 hours, e.g. feeding and sleeping.

“Internal clocks”.

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6
Q

Diurnal ?

A

active during the day

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7
Q

Nocturnal?

A

active at night

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8
Q

Crepuscular?

A

active at dawn or dusk

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9
Q

Lunar rhythms ?

A

coincide with the phases of the moon as some species have greater success in breeding under the full moon

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10
Q

Circannual rhythms ?

A

Yearly rhythms

E.g. migration - to a more suitable environment

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11
Q

Types of communication behaviours?

A
  • touch
  • posture ( agressive or defensive)
  • sounds (used day or night)
  • visual signals (only in daylight)
  • chemical signals (PHEROMONES) marking of territory or to follow
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12
Q

Sexual Reproduction?

A

involves two parents whose gametes, unite in the process of fertilisation

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13
Q

Asexual Reproduction?

A

the species requires no mate to reproduce. The offspring are usually an exact replica of the parent.

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14
Q

Hermaphrodites ?

A

have functioning male & female reproductive systems

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15
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

-New individual develops from an unfertilized egg and all will be FEMALE.
E.g. Can occur in bees, stick insects, wasps, ants, lizards and birds

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16
Q

Internal Fertilisation ?

A

union of sperm & egg occurs inside the female. A lot less animals are born usually only once a year.

17
Q

External Fertilisation?

A

eggs & sperm fuse in external environment.
• This method relies on chance.
• Only a small proportion of young will survive.
• The advantage of this method is the high dispersal of young

18
Q

Monogamy ?

A

single pair matings

19
Q

Polygamy ?

A

multiple matings

20
Q

Promiscuity?

A

either the male or the female has many partners during the breeding season. E.g. magpies, lyrebirds, bowerbirds

21
Q

Egg yolk Viviparity?

A

mothers produce eggs but do not lay them. They hatch inside the uterus & the young are born. They are nourished only by the yolk.

22
Q

Placental viviparity ?

A

Nutrients are delivered from the maternal bloodstream via the placenta to the embryo.

23
Q

What three things might happen to the less competitive species?

A
  • move to another area
  • adopt new survival strategies
  • become extinct in that area.
24
Q

What happens in social groups?

A
  • makes collecting food easier
  • Herds – “safety in numbers”
  • Easier to find a mate
  • Bait Balls
  • Battle At Kruger Park
  • Solitary hunters – must be adept at catching prey.
25
Q

What happens in Territorial?

A

• protect a resource for their own use. (a mate, space, food or water, etc.)
• Social hierarchies
• ‘Pecking order’ – animals fight to learn which others can beat
them and which they can beat.

26
Q

Habituation?

A

ability to ignore frequent, harmless stimulus.
• E.g. Scarecrow
• E.g. living near train tracks, the trains may keep you awake for the first few nights, but after a while you seem to not hear them.

27
Q

Imprinting (both innate & learned)

A

Occurs in a Critical time period ONLY
• Once learned can’t be changed
• An attachment to another animal or object shortly after birth.
• Rapid learning

28
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

responding to particular stimuli
• Basic obedience training
• Pairing two stimuli together, response becomes the same.
• E.g. Pavlov’s experiments

29
Q

Operant Conditioning or Training

A 
•	repeated practice using a reward 
or punishment system
•	Trial & Error learning
•	E.g. Rat presses lever 
& gets food
•	Response and reward, the consequence of actions - memorising a route through a maze
30
Q

Reasoning or Insight

A

devise apply solution using past experience.

monkeys

31
Q

Behavior is Controlled by?

A
  • Nervous system

* Endocrine system

32
Q

k-selection reproductive strategies

A

slower and fewer, animals tend to mature slower and more care is taken into the youth

33
Q

r-selection selection reproductive strategies

A

large numbers of off spring, breed frequently ,little care in the offspring

34
Q

The amnion

A

surrounds the embryo via fluid

35
Q

the allatonis

A

forms a sack that contains the waste of an embryo

36
Q

yolk sack

A

contains nutrients for the embryo

Biology (21 decks)

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